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Vietnam War Essay | Essay on Vietnam War for Students and Children in English

October 21, 2024 by Prasanna

Vietnam War Essay:  The Vietnam War is considered to be one of the most memorable and long-standing conflicts that involved the U.S., with a major role to play in it. The Vietnam War was primarily the consequences of the U.S. anti-communist foreign policy in the year 1960.

It was the military conflict between communist North Vietnam and their allies, against South Vietnam and other countries including America, Australia, Britain, France and New Zealand. Australia’s alliance with the USA was the main reason for the commencement of the Vietnam War. The USA had been a part of the war since 1959 and needed Australia’s assistance. It was a long, costly and divisive conflict. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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Long and Short Essays on Vietnam War for Students and Kids in English

We are providing essay samples to students on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Vietnam War Essay for reference.

Long Essay on Vietnam War 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Vietnam War is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

The Vietnam War is also known as the Second Indo-China War and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America. It was the second of the Indo-China Wars that was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies.

On the other hand, South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand, and the other anti-communist allies were also there for support. The war lasted 19 years and was also called the Cold War by many. The war had direct U.S. involvement, and it ended in 1973.

During World War II, Japanese forces had invaded Vietnam. To fight it off, both Japanese occupiers and French Colonial administration, the political leader Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet Minh, being inspired by the Chinese and Soviet Communism. The Viet Minh was also known as the League for the Independence of Vietnam.

Following its 1945 defeat in World War II, Japan withdrew its forces from Vietnam leaving the French-educated Emperor, Bao Dai in total control. Seeing this opportunity to seize control, Ho’s Viet Minh forces immediately rose to take complete control over the Northern city of Hanoi and declaring it as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with Ho as the president.

After Ho’s communist forces took control over the North, armed conflicts between the northern and the southern armies continued until a decisive victory of Viet Minh took place in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954. The French loss at the battle and almost ended the French rule in Indo-China.

Vietnam was split along the latitude known as the 17th parallel based on a treaty signed in July in the year 1954, with Ho in control in the North and Bao in the South. The Vietnam War with active U.S. involvement in 1954 was due to the ongoing conflicts that dated back several decades.

You can now access more Essay Writing on Vietnam War and many more topics.

The Vietnam War led to outcomes like economic downturn and political isolation for Vietnam, which was only supported by the Soviet Union and its allies located in Eastern Europe. It also led to the fall of the South Vietnamese government in 1975 that resulted in a unified communist government in the country. The war also led to the death of almost 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.2 million Northern soldiers and many service members. Emigration of Vietnam soldiers took place around the late 1970s from Vietnam.

North Vietnam was communist, whereas South Vietnam was not. North Vietnamese communists and South Vietnamese communist rebels known as the Viet Cong wanted to overthrow the South Vietnamese government together and reunite the country.

South Vietnamese troops waded through the water to flush out communist rebels in 1962. The cost and casualties of the war were too much for America to face; thus, the U.S. combat units were withdrawn by 1973, and in 1975 South Vietnam was fully invaded by the North.

Short Essay on Vietnam War 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Vietnam War is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

The Vietnam War (1954-1975) is referred to the period when the United States and other members of the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) joined forces with the Republic of South Vietnam to contest communist forces that were comprised of South Vietnamese guerrillas and the regular force units called the Viet Cong.

The United States possessed the largest foreign military presence and had directed the war from 1965 to 1968. Thus, for this reason, Vietnam today is known as the American War. It was considered as the direct result of the First Indochina War between France that claimed Vietnam as a colony and the communist forces which were then known as Viet Minh.

The Vietnam War was one of the longest wars in the history of the United States and was extremely divisive U.S., Europe, Australia and elsewhere. The U.S. suffered a casualty of 47000 being killed in action with the addition of 11000 non-combat deaths. Over 150000 were wounded, and 10000 were missing.

10 Lines on Vietnam War Essay in English

1. The Vietnam War was a conflict between the communist and the capitalist countries and was a part of the Cold War. 2. The Vietnam War was a controversial issue in the United States. 3. It was the first war to feature in live television coverage. 4. The war became extremely unpopular in the United States, and President Nixon sent American soldiers home in 1973. 5. Viet Minh waved their flag at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. 6. The French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu led to the Geneva conference. 7. France began to colonize Vietnam between 1959 and 1962. 8. France also took control over Saigon. 9. Laos was added after the war with Thailand. 10. In 1940 the French Indochina was controlled by Vichy French Government.

FAQ’s on Vietnam War Essay

Question 1. What is the main cause of the Vietnam War?

Answer: Spread of communism during the cold war along with American containment was the main cause of the war.

Question 2. What was the effect of the Vietnam War?

Answer: The most immediate effect was the staggering death toll of almost 3 million people.

Question 3. Why was the Vietnam War fought?

Answer: The USA feared the spread of communism, which led the war to be fought.

Question 4.  When did the military fight occur in the war?

Answer: The fighting occurred between 1957 and 1973.

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Home — Essay Samples — War — Vietnam War

Essays on Vietnam War

🇻🇳 understanding the vietnam war: why write an essay.

The Vietnam War, a pivotal conflict in the 20th century, offers a rich tapestry of historical, political, and social complexities. Writing an essay about this topic is not just an academic exercise; it's an opportunity to delve into a multifaceted war with profound global implications. Exploring the Vietnam War through an essay allows us to gain insight into the human cost, political decisions, and lasting impacts of the conflict. 📚

📝 Vietnam War Essay Topics

Choosing the perfect topic for your Vietnam War essay requires careful consideration. It involves finding an aspect that piques your interest and aligns with your goals as a writer:

🗣️ Vietnam War Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay on the Vietnam War demands a strong stance on a particular issue related to the conflict. Characteristics of this type of essay include presenting a clear position and supporting it with evidence. Here are ten engaging topics:

• The role of media in shaping public opinion during the Vietnam War.
• Was the Vietnam War justified from a moral perspective?
• The impact of the Vietnam War on American society and politics.
• Assessing the effectiveness of U.S. military strategy in Vietnam.
• The influence of anti-war protests on U.S. government decisions.
• The long-term consequences of Agent Orange and chemical warfare.
• The significance of the My Lai Massacre in the Vietnam War narrative.
• Comparing the Vietnam War to other 20th-century conflicts.
• The role of foreign powers in the Vietnam War: U.S. vs. USSR.
• The legacy of the Vietnam War in modern geopolitics.

🌍 Vietnam War Cause and Effect Essay

A cause and effect essay on the Vietnam War explores the factors that led to the conflict and its far-reaching consequences. Characteristics of this type of essay include analyzing both the causes and outcomes. Here are ten thought-provoking topics:

• The causes and effects of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
• How the Cold War rivalry between the U.S. and USSR contributed to the Vietnam War.
• The impact of the draft and conscription on American society.
• Consequences of the Vietnam War on Vietnamese civilians and their communities.
• The ecological damage caused by defoliants and chemical warfare.
• The influence of the Vietnam War on the anti-war movement.
• How the Vietnam War reshaped U.S. foreign policy in Southeast Asia.
• The economic aftermath of the Vietnam War for both the U.S. and Vietnam.
• Effects of post-war reconciliation and diplomacy between the U.S. and Vietnam.
• Long-term repercussions of the Vietnam War on veterans and their families.

🤷‍♂️ Vietnam War Opinion Essay

An opinion essay on the Vietnam War allows you to express your perspective on various aspects of the conflict. Characteristics of this type of essay include sharing your viewpoint and supporting it with reasoning. Here are ten intriguing topics:

• My personal stance on the anti-war movement during the Vietnam War.
• Was the Vietnam War an unwinnable conflict from the start?
• The role of media bias in shaping public perception of the Vietnam War.
• Do I believe the U.S. should have intervened in Vietnam?
• The significance of the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War narrative.
• My thoughts on the impact of the Vietnam War on veterans' mental health.
• Was the Vietnam War primarily a civil conflict or part of the Cold War?
• The moral implications of using napalm and Agent Orange in Vietnam.
• My perspective on the role of diplomacy in ending the Vietnam War.
• The lasting lessons we can learn from the Vietnam War experience.

📖 Vietnam War Informative Essay

An informative essay on the Vietnam War aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the conflict. Characteristics of this type of essay include presenting factual information and historical context. Here are ten informative topics:

• The historical background of Vietnam leading up to the war.
• Profiles of key figures and leaders in the Vietnam War.
• A chronological overview of major events during the conflict.
• The experiences of soldiers on both sides of the Vietnam War.
• The significance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the war effort.
• The cultural and social impact of the Vietnam War on the U.S.
• The aftermath of the Vietnam War for the Vietnamese people.
• The role of the media in shaping public opinion about the war.
• The different phases and strategies of the Vietnam War.
• Comparing and contrasting U.S. and Vietnamese perspectives on the war.

✍️ Vietnam War Essay Example

📜 vietnam war thesis statement examples.

1. "The Vietnam War profoundly shaped the trajectory of the United States in the 20th century, influencing both domestic policies and international relations."

2. "The media played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and perceptions of the Vietnam War, ultimately affecting government decisions and the course of the conflict."

3. "The Vietnam War remains a complex and contested chapter in history, with diverse perspectives on its causes, consequences, and ethical implications."

4. "The experiences of Vietnam War veterans highlight the lasting psychological and emotional scars of combat, underscoring the need for comprehensive support and recognition."

5. "The Vietnam War serves as a cautionary tale of the limitations of military power and the importance of diplomacy and international cooperation in resolving conflicts."

📝 Vietnam War Essay Introduction Paragraph Examples

1. The Vietnam War stands as a pivotal moment in history, marked by complex political maneuvering, profound social change, and human sacrifice. Its significance stretches far beyond the battlegrounds, shaping the course of nations and altering the lives of countless individuals.

2. As we embark on this exploration of the Vietnam War, we find ourselves stepping into a realm of historical turmoil, moral dilemmas, and enduring legacies. The war's impact reverberates through time, demanding a closer examination of its causes, consequences, and contested narratives.

3. The Vietnam War, often referred to as the "American War" in Vietnam, occupies a unique place in global history. It is a conflict that defies easy categorization, a turbulent chapter marked by ideological clashes, geopolitical maneuvering, and the indomitable spirit of those who lived through it.

🔚 Vietnam War Essay Conclusion Paragraph Examples

1. In conclusion, the Vietnam War remains an enduring testament to the complexities of warfare and the indomitable human spirit. Its lessons remind us of the importance of critical reflection, diplomacy, and compassion in the face of adversity. The echoes of this conflict continue to shape our world today.

2. As we reflect on the Vietnam War, we are reminded that history is not a stagnant entity but a living narrative that informs our present and future. The war serves as a stark reminder of the costs of armed conflict and the imperative of seeking peaceful solutions to global challenges.

3. The Vietnam War's legacy endures, challenging us to confront its difficult truths and contemplate the enduring impact of war on individuals and nations. It is a history we must continue to study and remember, not only to honor those who lived it but to ensure that such conflicts remain lessons of the past rather than blueprints for the future.

Exploring The War Years: Insights from Viet Thanh Nguyen's Perspective

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How to Tell a True War Story: a Comprehensive Summary and Analysis

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The Failure of The United States in Vietnam

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How Public Opinion Changed The Course of The Vietnam War

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1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975

The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Republic of (South) Korea, Thailand, the Philippines

The Vietnam War, which took place from 1955 to 1975, was a complex conflict deeply rooted in the historical context of Vietnam and the broader Cold War era. It emerged as a result of the division of Vietnam into North and South following the Geneva Accords of 1954. The historical context of the Vietnam War includes the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Vietnam had been under French colonial rule for decades, and nationalist movements, particularly the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh, sought to liberate the country. The defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 marked a turning point, leading to the division of Vietnam and the subsequent involvement of major world powers. The conflict was also shaped by the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The United States supported the South Vietnamese government, viewing it as a bulwark against the spread of communism. Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese, backed by the Soviet Union and China, sought to reunify the country under a communist regime. The escalation of the war saw the United States deploying large numbers of troops, conducting aerial bombings, and employing controversial tactics such as defoliation with Agent Orange. The conflict was marked by guerrilla warfare, protests, and anti-war movements both domestically and internationally.

Geneva Accords (1954): The Geneva Conference resulted in the division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel. North Vietnam, under Ho Chi Minh's communist leadership, and South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem, were established as separate entities. Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964): Following reports of a purported assault on American naval ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, the U.S. Congress responded by approving the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, endowing President Lyndon B. Johnson with expansive powers to intensify U.S. engagement in Vietnam. Operation Rolling Thunder (1965-1968): The U.S. began sustained bombing campaigns against North Vietnam, aiming to weaken the communist forces and halt their infiltration into South Vietnam. This marked a significant escalation of U.S. military involvement. Tet Offensive (1968): The surprise attacks launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces during the Tet holiday resulted in widespread fighting across South Vietnam. Although a tactical defeat for the communists, the offensive had a profound impact on American public opinion, as it contradicted the belief that victory was near. My Lai Massacre (1968): The revelation of the My Lai Massacre, where U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, shocked the world and fueled anti-war sentiment. Paris Peace Accords (1973): The peace agreement aimed to end direct U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. It called for a ceasefire, the withdrawal of U.S. troops, and the release of prisoners of war. Fall of Saigon (1975): The North Vietnamese Army captured the capital city of Saigon, marking the end of the war. This event led to the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.

Ho Chi Min: Ho Chi Minh was a key figure in the Vietnamese struggle for independence. He led the Viet Minh and later became the President of North Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's leadership and determination played a crucial role in rallying the Vietnamese people against foreign intervention. Lyndon B. Johnson: As the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson escalated U.S. involvement in Vietnam. His administration significantly increased American troop deployments and conducted extensive aerial bombings, seeking to prevent the spread of communism. Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon succeeded Johnson as President and implemented a policy of Vietnamization, gradually withdrawing U.S. troops while increasing the combat role of the South Vietnamese forces. Nixon pursued a strategy to negotiate a peace settlement and eventually oversaw the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. General William Westmoreland: General Westmoreland served as the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968. He played a prominent role in implementing the U.S. military strategy, including the large-scale deployment of troops and the conduct of major operations. Robert McNamara: Robert McNamara served as the U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam War. He was a key architect of U.S. policy and the escalation of military involvement. McNamara's later reflections on the war brought attention to the human and strategic costs and prompted a reassessment of U.S. actions. Jane Fonda: Jane Fonda, an American actress and activist, became highly controversial due to her opposition to the war. She visited North Vietnam in 1972 and became an outspoken critic of U.S. policies, particularly the treatment of Vietnamese civilians and prisoners of war.

Shifting U.S. Foreign Policy: The Vietnam War prompted a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. The war's unpopularity and its unforeseen challenges led to a shift away from direct military interventions and a greater emphasis on diplomacy and covert operations in subsequent conflicts. Anti-War Movements and Civil Rights: The Vietnam War fueled massive anti-war movements and protests across the United States and around the world. These movements fostered greater political activism and solidarity, influencing subsequent social and political struggles, including the civil rights movement and the push for gender equality. Diplomatic and Geopolitical Ramifications: The war had significant diplomatic consequences, leading to changes in global alliances and the balance of power. It strained relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as China, and influenced the political landscape of Southeast Asia. Impact on Veterans and Society: The Vietnam War had a lasting impact on the soldiers who fought in it, as well as on their families and communities. The war's aftermath gave rise to discussions on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the treatment of veterans, and the broader societal responsibility towards those who serve in conflicts.

Public opinion on the Vietnam War was deeply divided and evolved significantly throughout the conflict. Initially, many Americans supported U.S. involvement, viewing it as a necessary measure to prevent the spread of communism. However, as the war dragged on and casualty numbers increased, public sentiment shifted dramatically. Anti-war sentiments gained momentum, fueled by televised images of the war's brutality, the draft, and the perception of an unjustifiable military intervention. Protests, demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience became widespread, representing a growing segment of the population opposed to the war. Criticism of the government's handling of the war intensified, with calls for a withdrawal of troops and an end to the conflict. Opposition to the war also extended to college campuses, where students staged protests and strikes. Public opinion on the Vietnam War played a pivotal role in shaping political discourse and policy decisions. The growing anti-war sentiment ultimately influenced policymakers, contributing to a gradual de-escalation and the eventual withdrawal of U.S. forces.

"Apocalypse Now" (1979): Directed by Francis Ford Coppola, this film is a renowned depiction of the war's psychological impact. It explores the horrors of war and the moral dilemmas faced by soldiers in a surreal and symbolic manner. "The Things They Carried" by Tim O'Brien: This critically acclaimed book is a collection of interconnected short stories that delve into the experiences and emotions of soldiers during the Vietnam War. It explores themes of memory, truth, and the psychological weight carried by soldiers. Vietnam War Photography: Photojournalists like Eddie Adams, Nick Ut, and Larry Burrows captured powerful images that became iconic representations of the war. Examples include the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of the execution of a Viet Cong prisoner and the haunting image of a young girl fleeing a napalm attack. "Born on the Fourth of July" (1989): Based on the autobiography of Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic, this film directed by Oliver Stone depicts the journey of a paralyzed Vietnam War veteran who becomes an anti-war activist. "Fortunate Son" by Creedence Clearwater Revival: This song has become synonymous with the Vietnam War era. Its lyrics critique the unequal burden of military service and the socio-political context of the time.

1. The Vietnam War lasted for approximately 19 years, from 1955 to 1975. 2. The United States spent an estimated $168 billion (equivalent to over $1 trillion today) on the Vietnam War. 3. Over 2.7 million American troops served in the Vietnam War, with approximately 9.2 million military personnel from all sides involved in the conflict. 4. U.S. Air Force pilot Colonel Floyd James Thompson holds the distinction of being the longest-held American POW in the Vietnam War, enduring captivity for nearly nine years. 5. The Tet Offensive, launched by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces in 1968, involved coordinated surprise attacks on over 100 cities and military installations throughout South Vietnam. It was a turning point in the war and significantly impacted public opinion in the United States. 6. The United States military used the herbicide Agent Orange to defoliate dense vegetation in Vietnam. Unfortunately, it caused severe health problems, including cancer and birth defects, for both Vietnamese civilians and American veterans. 7. In 1968, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai. This event became a symbol of the war's brutality and led to widespread outrage. 8. The Vietnam War sparked massive anti-war demonstrations worldwide, with millions of people taking to the streets to express their opposition to the conflict.

The Vietnam War is an important and compelling topic to explore in an essay due to its profound historical, political, and social implications. Delving into this subject allows for a comprehensive examination of a conflict that not only shaped the course of the Cold War era but also had far-reaching consequences for global politics and societies. Studying the Vietnam War offers insights into the complexities of military interventions, the limits of power, and the ethical dilemmas faced by nations in times of war. It provides an opportunity to analyze the political decision-making processes, the role of the media, and the impact of public opinion on policy outcomes. Moreover, the war's divisive nature and the anti-war movements it sparked raise important questions about the responsibility of citizens, the power of collective action, and the long-lasting effects of trauma on individuals and communities. By exploring the Vietnam War, one can also gain a deeper understanding of the experiences and perspectives of soldiers, veterans, and civilians who were directly affected by the conflict. Their stories offer valuable lessons on resilience, sacrifice, and the consequences of armed conflicts on societies.

1. Anderson, D. L. (2017). The Vietnam War. Palgrave Macmillan. 2. Appy, C. G. (2003). Patriots: The Vietnam War remembered from all sides. Penguin Books. 3. Davidson, P. (2019). Vietnam at war: The history, 1946-1975. Oxford University Press. 4. FitzGerald, F. (2002). Fire in the lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Back Bay Books. 5. Herring, G. C. (2014). America's longest war: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975. McGraw-Hill Education. 6. Hunt, M. H. (2009). A Vietnam War reader: A documentary history from American and Vietnamese perspectives. University of North Carolina Press. 7. Karnow, S. (1997). Vietnam: A history. Penguin Books. 8. Sheehan, N. (1989). A bright shining lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. Vintage Books. 9. VanDeMark, B. (1991). Into the quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the escalation of the Vietnam War. Oxford University Press. 10. Young, M. G. (2017). The Vietnam wars, 1945-1990. HarperCollins Publishers.

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“America failed to stop the expansion of communism in Vietnam” Do you agree with this statement?

Substantiate your answer by analyzing the causes and the consequences of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War.

SYNOPSIS When the USA became involved in Vietnam; it was for all the right reasons in terms of the opinions America held about communists. Because of the USA’s superior resources and technology, they expected that it would be quick victory over North Vietnam. The outcome was very different from their expectations. This essay explains the reasons for the USA’s unexpected defeat. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates can take a stance with regards to the statement and elaborate on it.

ELABORATION  Reasons for America’s involvement: domino theory As a capitalist country  USA believed they had the responsibility to protect capitalist South Vietnam from being overtaken by communist North Vietnam, which was being supported by China and the USSR.  The USA believed that it would be an easy war against North Vietnam.  They had superior resources at their disposal, sophisticated weapons, and innovative technology.  The Vietcong fought a very effective guerrilla war  USA sent advisers and military supplies only**.**  “safe village” policy where local peasants were moved into fortified villages, failed  Gulf of Tonkin persuaded Congress to support the sending of more troops to Vietnam  By 1967 there were 500 00 U. soldiers in Vietnam.  Operation Rolling Thunder to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail  Vietnamese unleashed the Tet Offensive in 1968 and captured almost 80% of all towns and villages.  This offensive played a major role in turning American public opinion against the war.  By 1969 14 000 Americans were killed.  Public opinion turned against Johnson and he announced (1968) that he would not run for presidency again.  Nixon introduced a policy of Vietnamisation.  He ordered the bombing of North Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos to cut off the supply trail.  In reply, North Vietnam invaded Cambodia and Laos and set up communist Governments  By now the war was very unpopular in the US and in 1973 a ceasefire was agreed upon.  In 1975 the Vietcong captured Saigon. Vietnam became a single country again with a communist government.  The booby traps inspired fear in the US soldiers which in turn led to a low morale.  This was the first television war- night after night Americans were confronted with the horrors of war

 This led to anti-war protests: students and hippies denounced the war  The shooting of four demonstrators at Kent state University made matters worse  My Lai Massacre - hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians killed.  Photographs of the massacre shocked the American public and more and more people turned against the war  Agent Orange was the cause of cancers and birth defects that became widespread in Vietnam.  For all these things America received much criticism from the world and people lost respect for them as a country that stood for good, especially as a result of brutal scenes involving citizens.  The Vietnam War highlighted the failure of the US policy of containment  The USA was defeated by the communist forces in Vietnam  America failed to stop the spread of communism

Focus on the strategies applied by the Vietcong and Vietminh in resisting against the USA's conventional war:

• The USA felt that the war in Vietnam was not a conventional like World War II
• Guerrilla warfare by the Vietminh and Vietcong (difficulty in separating guerrillas from villagers – farmers/peasants)
• Failure of Operation Rolling Thunder against guerrillas
• Ho Chi Minh Trail and its significance
• Failure of 'Operation Ranch Hand' (destroyed the environment but not the Ho Chi Minh Trail)
• Villagisation (creation of new villages and attempts to separate villagers [farmers] from guerrillas) failed
• WHAM (Winning the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese) signalled the failure of USA to stop Vietnam from becoming a communist state and its subsequent withdrawal
• Highly effective use of guerrilla tactics by the Vietcong
• Multiple Choice

Subject : History

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Vietnam War - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

The Vietnam War was a protracted and contentious conflict from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam, supported by communist allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist countries. Essays could delve into the complex geopolitics of the Cold War era that framed this conflict, examining the differing ideologies and interests that fueled this long and costly war. The discourse might extend to the military strategies, the notable battles, and the human cost endured by both civilians and military personnel. Discussions could also focus on the anti-war movement within the United States, exploring how the Vietnam War significantly impacted American politics, society, and culture. Furthermore, the lasting effects of the war on Vietnam and its relations with the U.S., along with the contemporary narratives surrounding the war and its veterans, could provide a well-rounded exploration of this crucial period in 20th-century history. A vast selection of complimentary essay illustrations pertaining to Vietnam War you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

The Civil Rights Era and the Vietnam War for the USA

The Vietnam War was a conflict between North and South Vietnam with regards to the spread of communism. The communist North was supported by other communist countries while the South was supported by anti-communist countries, among them the United States. In South Vietnam the anti-communist forces faced off against the Viet Cong, a communist front. The involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War was ironical by the civil rights movements because despite their fight for democracy abroad and […]

The Sixties Civil Rights Movement Vs. Vietnam War

The 1960s were a very turbulent time for the United States of America. This period saw the expansion of the Vietnam War, the assassination of a beloved president, the civil rights and peace movements and the uprising of many of the world’s most influential leaders; known as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Over the years, scholars have discussed the correlation between the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights movement. It has been argued that violence happening overseas directly […]

Vietnam War in Cold War Global Strategy

Introduction This investigation aims to explore the question: To what extent was the Domino Theory validated by the progress and outcomes of the Vietnam War? The period from 1940 to 1980 will be the focal point of this inquiry, offering a lens through which to examine the geopolitical dynamics of the Cold War era. The Domino Theory, a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy during the mid-20th century, posited that the fall of one nation to communism would precipitate the spread […]

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Nixon’s Vietnam Strategy: a Complex Path to Withdrawal

The Vietnam War, a protracted conflict that embroiled the United States in Southeast Asia for over a decade, presented a myriad of challenges for the Nixon administration. This essay examines the strategic decisions made by President Richard Nixon as he grappled with the complexities of the war, his attempts to find a pathway to withdrawal, and the political ramifications of his actions. The central thesis posits that Nixon's "decent interval" strategy was a calculated attempt to extricate the United States […]

The Vietnam War in U.S History

The Vietnam War, often referred to as the longest and most controversial conflict in U.S. history, was a watershed moment that highlighted the nation's struggle against the spread of communism and exposed deep divisions within American society. Initially, the United States entered Vietnam with the intent to prevent the fall of the country to a communist regime, a policy rooted in the broader strategy of containment during the Cold War. However, this involvement led to numerous fateful battles that claimed […]

Domino Theory and Cold War Military Strategy

A half-century ago, the world, and most specifically America, was an extremely different place. As the world moved out of the World War II era, changes came in droves. America and the Soviet Union entered a Cold War, marked by a fierce space race, while the rest of the world watched in awe. In 1961, John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th president of the United States. Segregation was at an all-time high, as was the fight for better […]

The Physical and Emotional Burdens in “The Things they Carried”

In Tim O’Brien’s acclaimed novel "The Things They Carried," readers are transported into the lives of soldiers during the Vietnam War through the lens of what they carry, both physically and emotionally. This narrative technique offers an intimate glimpse into each soldier's personality and highlights the profound burdens they bear. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, one of the central characters, is particularly noteworthy for the letters he carries from a girl named Martha. Although not explicitly love letters, Cross treats them […]

The Cold War’s Influence on America

The Cold War certainly changed and shaped the American economy, society, and politics from 1945 to 1992. The contrasting beliefs between Communism, led by the Soviet Union, and Democracy, championed by the United States, caused a significant rift between these two prominent superpowers. Communism emerged as an immediate challenge to the United States' global influence and ideological stance. To prevent the Cold War from escalating into a larger global conflict, the U.S. engaged in several military interventions, aiming to preserve […]

Depictions of the Vietnam War in the Book Things they Carried

In order to convey ideas or meanings to readers throughout their pieces of work, authors use different literary techniques. In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien employs a multitude of different devices to immerse the reader in his experiences during the Vietnam War. To depict the brutality and barbarity of war, O’Brien evokes images and discloses themes not only through metaphors, repetition, and irony, but also through the use of juxtaposition. By comparing seemingly contradictory and opposite ideas or images, […]

Patriotism and the Vietnam War: a Complex Legacy

To begin, a massive amount of Americans are considered to be nationalistic and resonate with patriotic appeals. A well-known U.S. rhetoric quote claims that America is “the greatest nation in the world.” This sentiment has historically been used to bolster U.S. military endeavors by encouraging citizens to support their country politically and maintain a sense of patriotism. In the 1950s, this led to almost unconditional support for America's military actions, particularly in response to the growing threat of communism. This […]

The Role of Protest Music in the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War, a complex and contentious conflict, stands as one of the most debated wars in American history. Even today, the United States' involvement and its motives in this war remain subjects of intense scrutiny and discussion. Some historians argue that America intervened to halt the spread of communism, while others contend that the true aim was to suppress nationalist movements seeking independence. The war, ostensibly between North and South Vietnam, was also a significant episode in the Cold […]

How the Vietnam War Changed Diversity in America

The Vietnam War was a war of great controversy. The Vietnam War has the longest U.S. combat force participation to date, 17.4 years. This is closely followed by efforts in Afghanistan. U.S. combat force participation in Afghanistan is 17 years and continuing. The Vietnam War was a fatal one for U.S. armed forces. There are 58,220 total recorded military deaths from the war as of 2008 from the Defense Casualty Analysis System (U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics, n.d.). Although the […]

Forrest Gump: Life’s Unpredictable Journey

In the iconic novel "Forrest Gump" by Winston Groom, the metaphor "Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you're going to get" encapsulates the essence of Forrest's unpredictable journey. The story, which spans Forrest’s life from childhood to adulthood, explores how he navigates through a world full of challenges, triumphs, and historical events. This essay aims to delve into Forrest's life, drawing parallels between his experiences and the unpredictability of a box of chocolates while highlighting […]

How the Hippie Movement Shaped U.S. Anti-War Efforts in the 1960s

Introduction In the transformative era of the mid-1960s, a young teen named Rootsie, embodying the essence of the hippie movement, emerged with a profound awareness of the Vietnam War's catastrophic implications. Rootsie, like many of her contemporaries, perceived the war not merely as a geopolitical conflict but as a profound moral failing marked by the unnecessary loss of American lives. The hippie movement, which she was a part of, sought to transcend the superficial narratives propagated by the government. As […]

Sino Vietnamese Just War

The Sino-Vietnamese War, also known as the Third Indochina War, occurred in 1979 when troops from the People's Republic of China attacked the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. This war came after the First Indochina War and the Vietnam War (or the Second Indochina War). The First Indochina War lasted from 1946 to 1954 and involved a conflict between China and the Soviet Union backed Vietnam and France to control the area called Indochina. While the communist People's Republic of China […]

Entangled Histories: Unraveling the Causes of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War, a tumultuous chapter in history, was born from a tapestry of interconnected causes, each thread weaving a complex narrative of historical, ideological, and geopolitical tensions. Colonialism served as a catalyst. Vietnam, part of French Indochina, endured French colonization, fueling aspirations for independence. Nationalist movements burgeoned, fermenting resistance against foreign rule and planting seeds of self-determination. Post-World War II dynamics set the stage. With the collapse of colonial powers after Japan's occupation, Vietnamese nationalists, spearheaded by Ho Chi […]

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Prelude to America’s Deepened Involvement in Vietnam

Navigating the intricate web of international relations often requires nations to make decisions with long-reaching implications. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution, a pivotal moment during the Cold War era, represents one such choice for the United States. While it may appear as just another legislative act, this resolution fundamentally changed the U.S.'s trajectory in Vietnam, intensifying its military commitment and setting the stage for one of the most contentious chapters in American history. The background of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution lies […]

The Impact and Design of Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., is a deeply moving tribute to the soldiers who gave their lives during the Vietnam War. Unlike typical war memorials, this one breaks the mold with its design, aiming to stir up reflection and heartfelt connections. The journey of its creation and its lasting impact reveal not just architectural ingenuity but also a profound understanding of the emotional needs tied to a nation grappling with a painful past. Back in the early […]

The Complexities of U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War is one of those history lessons that still sparks a lot of debate and strong feelings in America. Lasting more than 20 years, it was a big deal politically, socially, and militarily. The U.S. got involved in Vietnam back in the late 1950s, at first just giving advice and help. But by the mid-1960s, things had ramped up to full-on military action. How did it all get so tangled? Well, blame it on the Cold War vibes, […]

Lyndon B. Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

Lyndon B. Johnson's time as president is mostly remembered for how deeply he got involved in the Vietnam War, a big conflict that had a huge impact on how things went in the United States. Johnson took over after John F. Kennedy was killed in 1963, and he inherited a really complicated and worsening situation in Vietnam. His choices and decisions made the U.S. get even more involved in the war, and that's a big part of how people think […]

The Impact and Legacy of the Tet Offensive: a Defining Moment in the Vietnam War

The Tet Offensive of 1968 transcends being a mere footnote in military history; it stands as a seismic event with profound implications for the Vietnam War and the global community's collective consciousness. From its bold inception to its far-reaching repercussions, the Tet Offensive represents a singular chapter in the chronicles of warfare. Launching on the eve of Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, the offensive shocked the world with its magnitude and intensity. It was a meticulously planned assault by North […]

The my Lai Massacre: a Tragic Chapter in American History

The My Lai Massacre stands as an exceedingly disquieting and contentious episode in the annals of the Vietnam War. Transpiring on March 16, 1968, this lamentable occurrence entailed the wholesale slaughter of numerous unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. Army troops in the hamlet of My Lai, situated in Quang Ngai Province. The massacre not only jolted the American populace and the global community but also profoundly influenced perceptions of the Vietnam War and the comportment of the U.S. military. On […]

The Reasons Behind U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

The United States' entanglement in Vietnam, which eventually burgeoned into one of the most disputed and prolonged conflicts in American annals, was impelled by a convergence of ideological, political, and strategic elements. Unraveling why the United States opted to intercede in Vietnam necessitates a deep plunge into the broader panorama of the Cold War, the containment strategies, and the intricate dynamics of Southeast Asia during the mid-20th century. At the nucleus of the U.S. resolution to intervene lay the Cold […]

Did the US Achieve its Objectives in the Vietnam War?

In the tapestry of modern military history, few chapters are as convoluted and enigmatic as the Vietnam War. Stretching across two tumultuous decades from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, this protracted conflict etched its indelible mark on the collective consciousness of nations. Within the fog of war and the cacophony of political rhetoric, a central enigma persists: Did the United States truly achieve its objectives in the Vietnam War? To unravel this intricate puzzle, one must first dissect the labyrinthine […]

The Vietnam War Draft: a Tumultuous Chapter in American History

The Vietnam Conflict, an epochal yet contentious epoch in American chronicles, is underscored by myriad intricate quandaries, amidst which the conscription system emerges as a salient facet for its profound ramifications on American society. The draft, formally denominated as Selective Service, served as a conduit for enrolling individuals into the military during the Vietnam Conflict. This mechanism not only bolstered the war endeavor but also ignited one of the most momentous domestic controversies of the twentieth century, precipitating widespread dissent, […]

Threads of Conflict: the Complexities of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam conflict stands as an intricate tapestry woven from historical, political, and ideological threads, forming one of the most impactful chapters of the 20th century. Against the backdrop of the Cold War's frosty tensions, Vietnam emerged as a battleground where divergent visions of governance clashed with profound repercussions. Embedded within the conflict's roots lies the enduring specter of colonialism's grasp. Vietnam, emerging from the shadows of French colonial rule, yearned to carve its path toward independence. Led by the […]

The Complex Reasons Behind the US Involvement in the Vietnam War

The choice of the United States to wade into the murky waters of the Vietnam War wasn't made on a whim. This decision, which still stirs emotions and debate, was shaped by a cocktail of political, ideological, and strategic considerations that seemed justifiable, perhaps inevitable, to the leaders of the time. Diving into the heart of why the U.S. felt compelled to engage in Vietnam from the early '60s to 1973 unravels a narrative far from simplistic, painted against the […]

The Conclusion of the Vietnam War: a Complex Closure

Wrapping up the Vietnam War was no clean-cut affair. It was messy, complex, and fraught with tensions that didn't just vanish once the last American troops left Vietnamese soil. The official curtain call was the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973, which aimed to bring peace to Vietnam and end U.S. military involvement. But peace? That was more a hopeful aspiration than reality. The fighting between North and South Vietnam continued, showing that the deep-seated issues at the heart of […]

Contours of Victory: Assessing the Outcome of the Vietnam War

Parsing the outcome of the Vietnam War yields a tapestry of perspectives, each weaving a unique narrative of victory or defeat. Yet, amid the complexity of historical analysis, the question lingers: Did the United States truly lose the Vietnam War? To unravel this enigma, one must delve into the intricate fabric of military strategy, political dynamics, and social ramifications that defined this tumultuous conflict. At first glance, the notion of American defeat seems undeniable. The withdrawal of U.S. troops in […]

The Ia Drang Valley: a Pivotal Moment in the Vietnam War

The Conflict at Ia Drang, waged in November 1965, emerges as a pivotal and fiercely disputed encounter in the nascent phases of the Vietnam War. It served not only as a crucible for the novel aerial maneuver tactics of the American military but also as a stark initiation into the complexities of combatting the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in their native terrain. This exposition delves into the strategic significance of the Ia Drang confrontation, […]

How To Write an Essay About Vietnam War

Writing an essay on the Vietnam War is a task that combines historical research, analysis, and personal reflection. This article will guide you through the process of writing such an essay, with each paragraph focusing on a crucial aspect of the writing journey.

Initial Research and Understanding

The first step is to gain a thorough understanding of the Vietnam War. This includes its historical context, key events, major political figures involved, and the impact it had both globally and domestically in the countries involved. Start by consulting a variety of sources, including history books, scholarly articles, documentaries, and firsthand accounts. This foundational research will give you a broad view of the war and help you narrow down your focus.

Selecting a Specific Angle

The Vietnam War is a vast topic, so it's crucial to choose a specific angle or aspect to focus your essay on. This could range from political strategies, the experiences of soldiers, the anti-war movement, the role of media, to the aftermath and legacy of the war. Selecting a particular angle will not only give your essay a clear focus but also allow you to explore and present more detailed insights.

Developing a Thesis Statement

Based on your research and chosen angle, formulate a strong thesis statement. This statement should encapsulate your main argument or perspective on the Vietnam War. For instance, your thesis might focus on the impact of media coverage on public perception of the war, or analyze the strategies used by one side and how they contributed to the outcome. Your thesis will guide the structure and argument of your entire essay.

Organizing Your Essay

Structure your essay in a clear, logical manner. Start with an introduction that sets the scene for your topic and presents your thesis statement. The body of your essay should then be divided into paragraphs, each focusing on a specific point or piece of evidence that supports your thesis. This could include analysis of key battles, political decisions, personal stories from veterans, or the war's impact on domestic policies. Ensure each paragraph transitions smoothly to the next, maintaining a cohesive argument throughout.

Writing and Revising

Write your essay with clarity, ensuring your arguments are well-supported by evidence. Use a formal academic tone and cite your sources appropriately. After completing your first draft, revise it to enhance coherence, flow, and argument strength. Check for grammatical errors and ensure all information is accurately presented.

Final Touches

In the final stage, review your essay to ensure it presents a comprehensive and insightful perspective on the Vietnam War. Ensure that your introduction effectively sets the stage for your argument, each paragraph contributes to your thesis, and your conclusion effectively summarizes your findings and restates your thesis.

By following these steps, you will be able to write a compelling and insightful essay on the Vietnam War. This process will not only deepen your understanding of a pivotal historical event but also refine your skills in research, analysis, and academic writing.

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Vietnam War

 The Vietnam War was a long-running conflict that took place in the former French colony of Indochina from 1955 to 1975. It began as an insurgency against the French, but soon became a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The US supported South Vietnam while North Vietnamese forces were backed by China and Russia. Over two million people died during this brutal conflict, which eventually ended with communist victory in April 1975 when Saigon fell to North Vietnamese troops.

 The origins of the war can be traced back to France's colonization of Indochina at the end of World War II. After years of fighting for independence, Vietnam was divided into north and south regions following the Geneva Accords in 1954; each region had its own government with different ideologies—communism in the north and democracy in the south—creating tension between them. This escalated further after President John F Kennedy increased American military aid to South Vietnam due to rising concerns about Communist expansionism throughout Southeast Asia, known as 'domino theory'. In 1965, America launched Operation Rolling Thunder, a massive bombing campaign targeting both civilian areas and enemy positions, followed by large scale deployment of ground troops who faced stiff resistance from Viet Cong guerrillas, often operating within population centers, making it difficult to distinguish civilian combatants, leading to the infamous My Lai massacre, among other atrocities committed by US soldiers. By 1973, peace negotiations had concluded, resulting in the Paris Peace Agreement ending direct American involvement, though sporadic fighting continued until the fall of Saigon on 30th April 1975, thus concluding one of the most destructive wars of the 20th century.

To many, the war in Vietnam was a senseless war. As a result, anti-war protests launched all over America as a forum for those who were ready to see the end of the brutal exploitation. Prior to 1965, small Vietnam war protests were held by individuals searching for peace but quickly grew into a prominent part of the war as we remember it today. This paper will discuss the timeline of Vietnam war protests as well as the most prominent groups and individuals that promoted an end to the violence. The

The Vietnam war is one of the most memorable and conflicted wars to this day. The Vietnam war is also one of the most controversial wars as well. Controversial for many reasons; were American soldiers too harsh to the Vietnamese civilians? Should America have even entered the war? Stanley Kubrick's "Full Metal Jacket," presents a story about one soldier specifically, "Pvt. Joker", and how his life is in the Vietnam war, as well as the lives around him. The movie starts when the soldiers begin their

The Vietnam War lasted from the 1st of November, 1955 to the 30th of April 1975. It was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the USSR, China and North Korea, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. There were many factors that contributed to the United States eventually pulling out of Vietnam during the end of the war. Factors such as Opposition to the war, US soldiers, and the failure

Ford Coppola released the movie Apocalypse Now. The movie takes place in Vietnam during the Vietnam War following the story of Captain Willard. The movie critiques the Vietnam War. However, the movie does not fully critique the war like the book, The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen. The Sympathizer follows the story of an unnamed main character being a double agent for the Vietcong. The Sympathizer better critiques the Vietnam War than Apocalypse Now by giving the Vietnamese people a voice, focusing

Air Defense Artillery systems were put to use during the Vietnam War era. The systems had to do more with battlefields than to protect air bases. The weapons used were to serve as a geographical benefit. Heavy firepower was used to deliver serious land warfare. Methods of Air Defense Artillery systems deployed were executed by a variety of missions. Artillery units assisted in as much as they could including battalions and other companies. Air defense Artillery sections helped defend armor, field

The Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was the United States ' longest war and certainly one of the most contentious. The fighting between the United States and the government of South Vietnam on one side and North Vietnam and the Viet Cong (VC) on the other lasted from the mid-1950s until the mid-1970s and spread into Laos and Cambodia, the two other countries of Southeast Asia. The United States first became significantly involved in Vietnam in 1950, when it began supporting France monetarily in the

The Vietnam War was a complex conflict that involved the French, Vietnamese, and Americans, with the Viet Minh and Viet Cong using guerilla warfare tactics to gain independence from foreign control. Despite America's efforts to stop the spread of communism, they eventually realized that the war was pointless, resulting in the fall of South Vietnam and a severe impact on civilians throughout the country. The war demonstrated strong guerilla warfare tactics, along with western warfare strategies. Vietnam

Despite and many other mishaps, Vietnam is a very beautiful place full of amazing geographical features, cities, food, and much much more. Vietnam’s history is very rich and full of many happenings. I was created separately and then united as one after along costly war. Vietnam war was the long and costly war that helped shaped up this country. Religion is also a key factor in creating a country. Vietnam or also known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the easternmost country on the in southeast

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Vietnam War: Background, Summary Of Events, and Conclusion

The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians.

For more articles about the Vietnam War, go to the category archive .

The Vietnam War: Table of Contents

• Summary of The Vietnam War

When was the Vietnam War?

The m-16 and the vietnam war, #70: a vietnam pow’s story of 6 years in the hanoi hilton — amy shively hawk.

• Aircraft: Evolution in Flight

End of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War: Background and Overview

(See Main Article: The Vietnam War: Background and Overview )

During the late fifties, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and anti-communist South. Because of the Cold War  anxiety of the time, the general feeling was that, should the North Vietnamese communists win, the remainder of Southeast Asia would also fall to communism. When President John F. Kennedy took office in 1961, he swore that he would not let that happen.

The more conventionally trained army of South Vietnam was clearly no match for the guerrilla tactics of the North, so in February 1965 America decided to get involved with Operation Rolling Thunder. North Vietnam was supported by China, the Soviet Union, and other communist countries, and the Viet Cong, a South Vietnamese communist group.

The struggle for control of Vietnam, which had been a French colony since 1887, lasted for three decades. The first part of the war was between the French and the Vietminh, the Vietnamese nationalists led by the communist Ho Chi Minh, and continued from 1946 until 1954. The second part was between the United States and South Vietnam on one hand and North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front on the other, ending with the victory of the latter in 1975. The communist side, strongly backed by the Soviet Union and mainland China, sought to increase the number of those who lived behind the Bamboo Curtain.

Both the United States and the Soviet Union regarded the conflict not as a civil war between North and South Vietnam but as a consequential engagement of the Cold War in a strategic region. American leaders endorsed the domino theory, first enunciated by President Eisenhower, that if South Vietnam fell to the communists, other nations in the region such as Laos and Cambodia would also fall.

Vietnam War Summary—Overview of the Conflict

(See Main Article: Vietnam War Summary—Overview of the Conflict )

Five American presidents sought to prevent a communist Vietnam and possibly a communist Southeast Asia. Truman and Eisenhower provided mostly funds and equipment. When Kennedy became president there were fewer than one thousand U.S. advisers in Vietnam. By the time of his death in November 1963, there were sixteen thousand American troops in Vietnam. The Americanization of the war had begun.

Kennedy chose not to listen to the French president, Charles de Gaulle, who in May 1961 urged him to disengage from Vietnam, warning, “I predict you will sink step by step into a bottomless military and political quagmire.”

A debate continues as to what Kennedy would have done in Vietnam if he had served two terms—widen America’s role or begin a slow but steady withdrawal. We do know that throughout his presidency, Kennedy talked passionately about the need to defend “frontiers of freedom” everywhere. In September 1963, he said “what happens in Europe or Latin America or Africa directly affects the security of the people who live in this city.” Speaking in Fort Worth, Texas, on the morning of November 22, the day he was assassinated, Kennedy said bluntly that “without the United States, South Viet-Nam would collapse overnight. . . . We are still the keystone in the arch of freedom.”

Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, was an ambitious, experienced politician who had served in both the House and the Senate as a Democrat from Texas, and his persona was as large as his home state. He idolized FDR for winning World War II and initiating the New Deal and sought to emulate him as president. Like the three presidents who had preceded him, he saw action in time of war, serving as a naval aide in the Pacific during World War II, and like them he was a Christian, joining the Disciples of Christ Church in part for its focus on good works. Drawing on his political experience, Johnson thought that Ho Chi Minh was just another politician with whom he could bargain—offering a carrot or wielding a stick—just as he had done as the Senate majority leader. Ho Chi Minh, however, was not a backroom pol from Chicago or Austin but a communist revolutionary prepared to fight a protracted conflict and to accept enormous losses until he achieved victory.

(See Main Article: When was the Vietnam War? )

Although the history of Vietnam has been dominated by war for 30 years of the 20th century, the conflict escalated during the sixties. When we talk about the “ Vietnam War ” (which the Vietnamese refer to as the “American War”), we talk about the military intervention by the U.S. that happened between 1965 and 1973.

For the first time, Americans saw a war playing out on their TV screens and witnessed a lot of the horrors that it brought and the citizens started to turn against the war. Throughout America, people started to hold large anti-war protests against the U.S. involvement in the war of Vietnam.

In January, 1973, peace talks finally seemed to have been successful and the Paris Peace Accords finally ended direct military involvement of the U.S. in Vietnam. Unfortunately the treaty did not stop the fighting, as both sides of Vietnam kept fighting to gain as much territory as possible. The communists managed to seize Saigon in 1975 and gained control over the whole country.

According to U.S. estimates, between 200 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed during this period and 58,200 U.S. soldiers were dead or missing in action.

(See Main Article: The M-16 And The Vietnam War )

In 1959, America chose the M-14 to be our main battle rifle.  It would prove to be the shortest-lived rifle to ever serve in that role.  Heavy and uncontrollable when fired on full auto, compared to the Soviet’s AK-47, the M-14 was obsolete at birth.  America needed a rifle to match her Space Age dreams.  Not surprisingly it was a subsidiary of an aerospace company that delivered that dream.  Armalite’s business was developing small arms that could then be sold to manufacturers.  Armalite employee,  Eugene Stoner  was given the canvas to create a masterpiece, and from his fertile mind came the rifle of the future.

The advantages of the M-16 over every other rifle on paper were stunning.  The magnitude of the change encompassed by Stoner’s design was the perfect complement to “Space Age” technology.  This gun was light, accurate, and had virtually no recoil.  Any soldier with a little training could put every round into a suitcase at 100 yards in under 2 seconds.   The ammo was lighter, cheaper, and deadly.   Early reports of wounds on enemy soldiers were so gruesome that they remained classified until the 80s.  Bullets would enter the body and pinball around inside doing horrific damage.  So impressed by the M-16s issued to the ARVN troops, Green Berets demanded to be issued the weapons in 1962.  The jump from the M-14 to the M-16 was equivalent to switching from prop planes to jets.  The design was sold to Colt and adopted by the US Military in 1964.  Optimism surrounding the gun was very high.  That should have been the first warning sign.

(See Main Article: #70: A Vietnam POW’s Story of 6 Years in the Hanoi Hilton — Amy Shively Hawk )

When consider major historical events that involved millions of people— World War 2, the Great Depression, the Cold War—it’s easy to forget that real people with their own stories were part of those events.

Today we’re zeroing in on one story. And that’s the story of James Shively, an Air Force Pilot who was shot down over North Vietnam in 1967 and spent six years in the infamous Hanoi Hilton POW camp. To talk with us is Amy Shively Hawk, Jim’s stepdaughter and author of the new book Six Years in the Hanoi Hilton: An Extraordinary Story of Courage and Survival in Vietnam.

After being shot down, Shively endured brutal treatment at the hands of the enemy in Hanoi prison camps. But despite unimaginable horrors in prison, the contemplation of suicide, and his beloved girlfriend moving on back home, he somehow found hope escaping prison and eventually reuniting with his long-lost love – proving, in his words, that “Life is only what you make of it.”

In this interview we discuss:

• How Capt. Shively was shot down, what happened when he was captured, and his fate at the hands of Vietnamese villagers
• What kept Captain Shively hopeful during his six years as a prisoner of war
• What happened to the whole prison when two fellow inmates escaped but were captured the next day
• How prisoners built a full prison communications system using Morse code, toilet paper, and hidden messages even though cell blocks were forbidden from speaking to each other under threat of torture

 Aircraft: Evolution in Flight

(See Main Article: Vietnam War Aircraft: Evolution in Flight )

“The Many Ways To Die While Building an Aircraft Carrier”

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At the start of 1962, the U.S. had 16,000 military advisors training the South Vietnamese army in its fight against the Viet Cong and the Communist government based in Hanoi. In early February, the Pentagon set up a permanent U.S. military presence in Saigon—the Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV). The U.S. military presence in a country that most Americans knew very little about would only grow from that point on.

In April, Air Force Chief Curtis LeMay went to Vietnam for an inspection tour and met with the head of MACV, General Paul Harkins, as well as the President of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem. While MACV was concentrating its efforts in the South, LeMay saw that the real problem was clearly coming from the North. LeMay made the same recommendation he made twelve years earlier, for Korea—if the U.S. intended to stop this infiltration, a massive bombing campaign of the North would do the trick. LeMay zeroed in on the port facility in Haiphong, where the weapons and supplies were coming in from the Soviet Union, and proposed bombing it. He believed this would put a halt to the guerrilla war in the South, but the plan was much too bold for the tentative steps that the Kennedy Administration was making in Vietnam in 1962.

 Aircraft: A Focus on Bombers

Ten years and 59,000 American lives later, the U.S. did exactly what LeMay had suggested. From December 19 to 29, 1972, the Air Force and Navy conducted Linebacker II, the largest concentrated bombing since World War II. The bombing of the North Vietnamese capital, Hanoi, and the port of Haiphong was conducted by such Vietnam War aircraft as tactical fighters, along with 741 B-52 sorties. Ten B-52s were shot down, five crash-landed in Laos and Thailand, thirty-three B-52 crewmen were killed, thirty-three were captured, and twenty-six were rescued. After years of stops and starts, the massive bombing of Vietnam War aircraft finally pushed the North Vietnamese to hammer out a negotiated settlement that gave the U.S. a way to extricate itself from its tortured involvement.

Decades later, the political debate over this conflict remains unresolved. Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen strongly disagreed with the suggestion that the conflict may have ended sooner had LeMay’s plan been followed ten years earlier, “I don’t know how you can say this so many years after the fact, especially when you consider that the Vietnamese had been fighting for their independence since forever and the idea that some bombs in Hanoi or Haiphong would have brought them to the table is ludicrous.”

But former Secretary of Defense, James Schlesinger, countered Sorensen’s view. “That’s ridiculous, the myth that it was a civil war. What destroyed Vietnam was that 18 divisions came down from the North in 1975. There was nationalism in Hanoi but not in the South and it was the North imposing its view on the South.”   Schlesinger also points out that had the strikes taken place earlier when LeMay suggested them, the Soviet surface-to-air missiles would not have been in place, saving the U.S. planes and crews that were shot down a decade later.

Vietnam highlighted the greatest difference between LeMay’s philosophy of war and Defense Secretary Robert McNamara’s. The Defense Secretary pushed for what he called flexible response from the very start of the U.S. involvement in the conflict: namely, offering the enemy a way out; however, if they show aggression, match the aggression, but only proportionately. Consequently, the full weight of the growing American military was never brought to bear on the North. Ground would be fought over in the South and then abandoned only to be fought over again and again, always with more casualties. The North would be bombed and then the bombing would be halted. It was a completely different strategy than the one the U.S. used in World War II.

LeMay thought flexible response was counterintuitive; it ran completely against his doctrine of war. If a war is not worth winning, LeMay’s answer was simple: do not get involved in the first place. Consequently, as LeMay watched the troop levels expand along with U.S. casualties, he grew more and more angry. The focal point of that anger was McNamara. As the conflict dragged on, he also grew furious with Lyndon Johnson because he believed McNamara and LBJ lied to the American people about the war. While the Vietnam War deeply divided the country, it would create major fissures within the government as well.

(See Main Article: End of the Vietnam War )

Beset at home and abroad, in 1968 Lyndon Johnson decided against running for re-election. In March he banned bombing north of the twentieth parallel, leaving most of North Vietnam a sanctuary. He was succeeded by Republican Richard M. Nixon, who largely limited offensive air operations over the North for nearly four years. One example will suffice: from 1965 through 1968 Navy aircrews downed thirty-three enemy aircraft, but over the next three years, tailhookers splashed only one. Meanwhile, “peace talks” trickled out in Paris. The end of the Vietnam War was in sight.

“After Watergate, Richard Nixon Created the Career Path for All Ex-Presidents”

Then, on March 30, 1972, Hanoi launched a full-scale conventional attack against South Vietnam, shattering the dead-end Paris “peace talks.” American airpower responded massively.

Leading  Constellation ’s   Air Wing Nine was Commander Lowell “Gus” Eggert, a cheerful aviator who enjoyed partying with his aircrews. Eggert’s keen intuition told him the 1971–72 cruise might be different from the previous three years. He began training his squadrons for large “Alpha” strikes in addition to the usual close air support in South Vietnam and Laos.

“Connie” completed her six-month deployment, and on April 1 she was in Japan preparing to return to California when the North Vietnamese spring offensive rolled south. Sailors and aircrews hastily offloaded their new purchases—notably motorcycles—and began loading ordnance. The ship was back in the Tonkin Gulf five days later, joining Hancock ,  Coral Sea , and  Kitty Hawk . By then the communists had beefed up their air defenses, and on one mission over South Vietnam, an Intruder pilot had to abort his attack because a cloud of tracers obscured the reticle of his bombsight.

After further delay, Nixon finally loosed the airmen in order to quicken the end of the Vietnam War. A Phantom pilot recalled, “We had reports of 168 SAMs on the first night after Nixon got serious in May. But that was coordinated with massive B-52 raids supported by three carrier air wings.”

On May 9 a handful of aircraft demonstrated the carrier’s potential for strategic effects with extreme economy of force. While  Kitty Hawk  provided a diversionary strike,  Coral Sea launched nine jets that turned the Vietnam war around in two minutes: six Navy A-7Es and three Marine A-6As laid three dozen mines in Haiphong Harbor. The weapons were time-delayed to allow ships to leave North Vietnam’s major port. During the next three days, thousands more mines were sown in Hanoi’s coastal waters, effectively blockading the communists from seaborne replenishment. Commander Roger Sheets’s Air Wing Fifteen, on its seventh Vietnam deployment, shut down Haiphong for almost a year—well beyond the impending “peace” treaty.

The mines were frequently replenished, eventually totaling more than eleven thousand weapons. Sometimes the “reseeding” involved unconventional tactics, as when  Saratoga ’s   Air Wing Three employed Phantoms flying formation on Intruders and Corsairs in what one F-4 pilot called “a one-potato, two-potato” drop sequence, based on when the attack jets released.

Finally, Phantom crews could ply their trade again. From January 1972 through January 1973, carrier-based F-4s claimed twenty-five aerial kills—nearly as many as the Navy total in the first six years of the Vietnam war. The tailhookers’ best day was May 10. That morning a two-plane VF-92 section off Constellation  trolled Kep Airfield and caught two MiG-21s taking off. The high-speed, low-level chase ended with one MiG destroyed which, with the Air Force bombing the Paul Doumer Bridge in Hanoi, sparked an exceptional response.

That afternoon “Connie” launched thirty-two planes against Hai Duong logistics, producing one of the biggest combats of the war with Phantoms, Corsairs, and MiGs embroiled in a “furball” of maneuvering jets. When it was over, two F-4s fell to flak and SAMs while VF-96 claimed six kills, producing the Navy’s only ace crew of the Vietnam war. In all, the Navy and Air Force downed a dozen MiGs, which remains an unsurpassed one-day total more than forty years later.

During Operation Linebacker—the final air campaign over North Vietnam, signally the end of the Vietnam War—American aircrews claimed seventy-two aerial kills versus twenty-eight known losses to MiGs, an overall exchange ratio of 2.5–1. However, the Navy’s intensive fighter training program from 1969 onward produced exceptional results. “Topgun” graduates and doctrine yielded twenty-four MiGs against four carrier planes lost, including a lone Vigilante escorted by fighters. In contrast to the Navy’s 6–1 kill ratio, the Air Force figure was closer to 2–1, approaching parity in some months.

The disparity between the two services was dramatically illustrated in August 1972, when four F-8E Crusaders from  Hancock  deployed to Udorn, Thailand, to update Air Force Phantom crews on air combat maneuvering. The senior Navy pilot was already a MiG killer, Commander John Nichols, who noted, “My biggest challenge was keeping my guys from lording it over the blue suiters.”

Throughout the war and up to the end of the Vietnam War, naval aviators shot down sixty enemy aircraft—all by carrier pilots. It was a stark contrast to Korea when barely a dozen communist planes were credited to tailhookers among fifty-four total by Navy and Marine pilots.

In fact, the reason for carrier-based fighters was to establish air superiority so the attack planes could perform their vital mission. Skyraiders, Skyhawks, Intruders, and Corsairs seldom worried about enemy aircraft while placing ordnance on target the length and breadth of Indochina. Few aircrews and probably few admirals realized how far carrier aviation had come since the start of World War II. Long gone was the era when airpower theorists insisted that sea-based aircraft could not compete with land-based planes. If nothing else, Vietnam confirmed that naval aviation was a world-class organization.

On two days in October 1972, Commander Donald Sumner led USS  America  (CVA-66) A-7 Corsairs against Thanh Hoa Bridge, a vital communist transportation target. One of his pilots, Lieutenant Commander Leighton Smith, had first bombed the bridge as a  Coral Sea  A-4 pilot in 1966. The Air Force had badly damaged “The Dragon’s Jaw,” but spans remained intact. With a combination of two thousand-pound TV-guided weapons and conventional one-ton bombs, the naval aviators finally slew the long-lived dragon, more than seven years after the first U.S. efforts.

During the eleven-day “Christmas War” of 1972, carrier aircraft again supported B-52s in bombing an intransigent Hanoi back to the bargaining table. By then Hanoi was nearly out of SA-2 missiles.

The Paris accords among Washington, Saigon, and Hanoi took effect on January 27, 1973. They were the diplomatic efforts that signaled the end of the Vietnam War. On that day Commander Harley Hall, a former Blue Angel leader and the commander of an Enterprise  F-4 squadron, became the last naval aviator shot down in the long war. His Phantom fell north of the Demilitarized Zone, and though his back-seater survived captivity, Hall did not. Long thereafter his widow learned that he had probably lived two or more years in captivity, abandoned by his government with unknown numbers of other men.

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