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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

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Quantitative Research Methods

This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research involves systematic procedures like questionnaires and scales to measure variables and test relationships between variables statistically. It generally requires large sample sizes to generalize findings to populations. Qualitative research explores human experiences to understand behaviors and interpret their meanings through descriptive, inductive, and interpretive approaches. Both methods are useful for designing studies, reading other research, and gathering related information. Read less

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• 1. Quantitative methods and experimental design Research methods
• 2. Why do we need research methods?. • Research is very close to science • In other words, academician in the behavioral sciences believes in the research methods of science to collect and interpret the information.
• 3. For example? • Suppose that a psychologist wanted to see whether a children were raised from different characteristics of a mother (working mother vs full-time mother) would have grown differently, in terms of their self – efficacy, emotional control, or kid and mother attachment. The psychologist would develop an instrument and analyse the data, so the results can be reduced from the bias, instead of giving an interpretation subjectively.
• 4. Another reason why we must take research method? • Design a study • Once you have learned about research method, it’d be useful if you design your study soon. • Reading and evaluating other People’s studies • Having strong fundamental concept of research methods and the terminology as well will allow you to read and understand research articles. • Gathering and evaluating information around you that related to your study
• 5. Qualitative Research Methods Qualitative research explores the side of human experience to understand the background or reasons for the emergence of such behavior. In addition, qualitative research also wants to interpret the meaning of a behavior. The characteristics of qualitative research include: Inductive Descriptive Interpretive
• 6. Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative research involves formal or systematic procedures in gathering information to be measured. The procedure is in the form of a questionnaire, scale, and also uses statistical analysis. This approach can be used to describe a relationship between variables and test the significance of the relationship. Further, quantitative approaches are used to test causal relationships between variables.
• 7. Quantitative Research Methods • Generally quantitative research requires a relatively large number of samples (n). • It aims to generalize research findings to population groups. • As such, the findings of quantitative research must be relevant and useful in large population groups. • Quantitative research requires a description of the data using statistical analysis, whether it is only a description of the data, even to the level of decision making (inferential statistics).
• 8. Types of Quantitative Research Quantitative Non Experimental Univariate Descriptive Bivariate / Multivariate Correlation; Regression Experimental Single Design Two Designs Multiple Designs
• 9. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigms

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods

Apr 19, 2012

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Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods. Gillian Livesey LTSN-ICS University of Ulster. TEACHING RESEARCH METHODS LTSN-BEST/ICS Workshop 3 rd October 2003. Overview. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Purpose of Research Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Teaching

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Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Gillian Livesey LTSN-ICS University of Ulster TEACHING RESEARCH METHODS LTSN-BEST/ICS Workshop 3rd October 2003

Overview • Qualitative and Quantitative Research • Purpose of Research • Qualitative and Quantitative Methods • Teaching • Resources • Assessment

Research Methods • Research methods are generally categorised as being either quantitative or qualitative. • What matters is that the methods used fit the intended purposes of the research!

Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms • The qualitative paradigm concentrates on investigating subjective data, in particular, the perceptions of the people involved. The intention is to illuminate these perceptions and, thus, gain greater insight and knowledge. • The quantitative paradigm concentrates on what can be measured. It involves collecting and analysing objective (often numerical) data that can be organised into statistics.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Research The purposes of research can be categorised as: • Description (fact finding) • Exploration (looking for patterns) • Analysis (explaining why or how) • Prediction (forecasting the likelihood of particular events) • Problem Solving (improvement of current practice)

Descriptive Research • Seeks to accurately describe current or past phenomena - to answer such questions as: • What is the absentee rate for particular lectures? • What is the pass rate for particular courses? • What is the dropout rate on particular degree programmes? • What effect does a particularly quality audit process have on teacher morale?

Analytical Research • Seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships. Once causal relationships have been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be changed (variables) in order to influence the chain of causality. Typical questions are: • Why is there a preponderance of female students on 1st level teacher training programmes? • What factors might account for the high drop-our rate on a particular degree programme?

Predictive Research • Seeks to forecast the likelihood of particular phenomena occurring in given circumstances. It seeks to answer such questions as: • Will changing the start time achieve a higher attendance rate at our lectures? • Will introducing anonymous marking reduce the gender imbalance in the achievement of 1st class degrees? • Will increasing the weighting for course work encourage students to adopt deep learning strategies?

Problem Solving Research / Action Research • Action-research is a form of problem solving based on increasing knowledge through observation and reflection, then following this with a deliberate intervention intended to improve practice. • Educational action-research describes a family of activities in curriculum development, professional development, school improvement programmes, and systems planning and policy development. • Participants in the action being considered are intricately involved with all of these activities.

Typical Methods

Research Methods Categorised by Activity

Teaching: Elementary Concepts • What is a Variable? • Scales of Measurement • Qualitative -v- Quantitative • Continuous -v- Categorical / Dichotomous • Independence -v- Dependence

Teaching: Selecting Statistics

William Gossett - nicknamed ‘Student’ was a chemist at the Guinness brewery in Dublin and developed the student t-test in 1908 to ensure that each batch of Guinness was as similar as possible to every other batch! The t-test is used to compare two groups and comes in at least 3 flavours.

Teaching: Software • Spreadsheets • EXCEL • Statistical Software • SPSS (http://www.spss.com/) • MINITAB (http://www.minitab.com/) • SAS (http://www.sas.com/)

Resources http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/

Resources http://www.socsciresearch.com/

Assessment • Written – a report, research proposal or evaluation • Group Work – interdisciplinary groups • VLE – internet • Peer Tuition • Peer Assessment • Multiple Choice – maybe online • Exam – written or using computer • CAA, QTI

Conclusion What matters is that the methods used fit the intended purposes of the research!

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