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Anatomy Digestive System starting from mouth to excretion.ppt

Anatomy of Digestive system is very helpful well designed ppt to understand how our body works. It also helps to know how disease attacks our digestive system. It contains. ## Description for Anatomy of Human Digestive System PPT **A comprehensive PowerPoint presentation on the anatomy of the human digestive system will provide a visual and informative guide to the structure and function of this vital organ system.** The presentation should include: ### Introduction * Brief overview of the digestive system's role * Importance of understanding its anatomy ### Major Organs and Structures * **Oral cavity:** Teeth, tongue, salivary glands * **Pharynx and esophagus:** Structure and function in swallowing * **Stomach:** Anatomy, including cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus * **Small intestine:** Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, villi, microvilli * **Large intestine:** Cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anus * **Accessory organs:** Liver, gallbladder, pancreas ### Detailed Anatomy and Histology * Microscopic structure of different digestive organs * Layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa) * Specialized tissues and cells (e.g., gastric glands, intestinal crypts) ### Visual Aids * Clear diagrams and images of digestive organs * Histological slides or micrographs * Animations or videos to demonstrate processes like peristalsis ### Key Points to Emphasize * Relationship between structure and function * Adaptations of different organs for specific digestive tasks * Blood supply and nerve innervation of the digestive system ### Conclusion * Recapitulation of the major components * Importance of a healthy digestive system **By combining clear explanations, detailed visuals, and relevant clinical information, this PowerPoint presentation will serve as an excellent educational resource for students, healthcare professionals, or anyone interested in human anatomy and physiology.** **Would you like to focus on a specific part of the digestive system, or do you need help with creating the PowerPoint slides?** ## Description for Anatomy of Human Digestive System PPT **A comprehensive PowerPoint presentation on the anatomy of the human digestive system will provide a visual and informative guide to the structure and function of this vital organ system.** The presentation should include: Introduction * Brief overview of the digestive system's role * Importance of understanding its anatomy Major Organs and Structures Oral cavity: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands Pharynx and esophagus: Structure and function in swallowing Stomach: Anatomy, including cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus Small intestine: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, villi, microvilli Large intestine: Cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anus Accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Read less

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• 2. What is the digestive system? The digestive system is a continuous tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. Measuring about 30 feet long in the average adult, it is known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract. It has 3 functions: the digestion of food into nutrients, the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and the elimination of solid wastes.
• 3. The mouth: salivary glands… Three pairs of glands open into the oral cavity, producing saliva: the parotid (pah RŎD ed), sublingual (sub LIN GWUL), and submandibular (sub man DIB you ler) glands. The sensory organs such as the nose and eyes send a message to the brain, the brain sends the message to the salivary glands, and they secrete the chemicals to begin the digestive process.
• 4. The mouth: tongue The tongue is a muscle covered with a mucous membrane. It has a rear portion called the root, the tip, and the central body. It is covered with taste buds and raised elevations called papillae (pah PILL ah). The taste buds taste sweet, sour, salt, bitter, and umami (oo MAH mee) or savory.
• 5. The mouth: teeth The teeth are used for chewing the food…mastication. The food is broken apart and mixed with saliva to form a bolus, ready to be swallowed. Muscular constrictions move the bolus through the pharynx (soft palate at the back of the mouth) and into the esophagus while blocking the opening to the larynx and preventing the food from entering the airway.
• 6. The esophagus… The food is moved down the esophagus toward the stomach by wavelike muscular contractions called peristalsis. At the opening of the stomach is the lower esophageal sphincter. This is a muscle valve that permits the passage of food, but not the backup of stomach contents under normal conditions.
• 7. The stomach… The stomach is a muscular, expandable organ, the upper portion called the fundus and the lower portion called the antrum. Hydrochloric acid and other gastric juices convert the food to a semiliquid state called chyme. Chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter valve at the bottom of the stomach, into the small intestine.
• 8. The small intestine: duodenum The small intestine is about 21 feet long and 1” diameter, extending from the pyloric sphincter valve to the large intestine. The duodenum is the foot-long section just beyond the stomach; the jejunum is the next 8 feet, and the ileum is the remaining 12 feet.
• 9. The liver’s primary contribution to digestion is the production of bile or gall which drains into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. It travels through the hepatic ducts, which merge together. Bile helps digest fats. The liver also stores iron and the fat- soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. The small intestine: the liver
• 10. Bile stored in the gallbladder becomes more concentrated, increasing its potency and intensifying its effect. When chyme containing fat leaves the stomach, the gallbladder contracts and discharges bile through the cystic duct and common bile duct and into the duodenum of the small intestine. The small intestine: the gallbladder
• 11. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which merges with the common bile duct. This pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions. It’s role is so vital to digestion, that a person would starve without it, even if they were consuming an adequate amount of food. The small intestine: the pancreas
• 12. The jejunum and ilium are lined with hair-like protrusions calIed villi. They slow the passage of food, and allow food particles to be captured in among these finger-like villi -- so that the blood inside the villi can absorb the nutrients in the food. Villus capillaries collect amino acids (proteins) and glucose (simple sugars). Villus lacteals collect absorbed fatty acids. The small intestine: the jejunum and ilium
• 13. The function of the large intestine, or bowel, is to absorb the remaining water and nutrients from indigestible food matter, store unusable food matter (wastes), and then eliminate the wastes from the body. The large intestine is subdivided into the cecum and the ascending/transverse/ descending/and sigmoid colon sections. The large intestine is only about 4-5 feet in length, and 2 ½ inches in diameter. The small intestine: the large intestine
• 14. The rectum is where feces are stored until they leave the digestive system, through the anus as a bowel movement. The rectum and anus… As the rectal walls expand with waste material, receptors from the nervous system stimulate the desire to defecate. For defecation or egestion, we consciously relax the external anal sphincter muscle to expel the waste through the anus.

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Digestive System Gastrointestinal Tract 1. Mouth Accessory Structures

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What does the mouth do in the digestive system?

The mouth starts the digestion process by breaking food down into a more easily digestible form. It does this through a combination of mechanical and chemical digestion.

After people take food in through the mouth, it moves down the throat, also known as the pharynx. It then passes through the esophagus and into the stomach.

Read on to learn more about the biology of the mouth and its role in digestion. This article also explains the functions of other parts of the digestive system.

The mouth is the beginning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A person’s GI tract comprises hollow organs that connect. The tract is around 8–9 meters long and stretches from the mouth to the anus.

The mouth is made up of several parts that help with digestion. These parts have various functions.

1. Ingestion

The first stage of digestion is ingestion, where a person puts food into their mouth with their hands or another utensil.

2. Mechanical digestion

Chewing, which doctors may call mastication, is the start of mechanical digestion. This is the process through which the mouth breaks large pieces of food down into smaller ones.

A person’s jaws consist of an upper jaw, the maxilla, and a lower jaw, the mandible. When eating, people separate their jaws to allow food into the mouth.

The lips contain sensory receptors that help assess food texture and temperature. The lips and cheeks help keep food in place inside the mouth. Muscles attached to the jaws allow them to move up and down to chew.

The jaws contain teeth people use to cut, tear, crush, and grind food. A primary set of teeth, or milk teeth, contains 20. An adult set contains 32 teeth. The cheeks help move food between the teeth for chewing.

The tongue is a large muscle that has various roles in digestion, such as :

• sucking food
• moving food between the teeth
• aiding with swallowing by pushing chewed food to the back of the throat
• encouraging the production of saliva, also known as spit
• nutrient absorption via its underside

The tongue also contains many small bumps on its surface called papillae, which have two different functions.

Mechanical papillae allow a person to feel food texture and form. Taste papillae contain taste buds, which allow a person to taste their food. Certain tastes encourage the production of saliva and stomach acid, aiding digestion.

3. Chemical digestion

During chewing, saliva mixes with food and helps soften and break it down. Saliva also lubricates food particles and makes them easier to swallow.

When food and saliva mix, they form a bolus. This is what a person swallows after chewing.

Salivary glands produce saliva, which is made up of the following substances that help with the chemical digestion of food:

• the enzymes amylase and lingual lipase, which help break down starch and fats
• bicarbonate

A person has three pairs of large salivary glands in the following locations in their mouth:

• parotid glands in front of and underneath the ears
• submandibular glands under the mandible
• sublingual glands under the tongue

The mouth also contains hundreds of smaller salivary glands.

5. Preparation for swallowing

When chewing, a person’s tongue compresses food against the mouth’s two palates . This helps form the bolus, which they can then swallow.

The hard palate is the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is behind this, leading into the throat. It helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

Once a person has finished chewing their food, the tongue pushes the bolus into the throat. From there, it travels down the esophagus and into the stomach.

Other parts of the digestive system

The following table shows the roles that other organs play in digestion:

Frequently asked questions

Below are answers to some commonly asked questions about the role of the mouth in digestion.

What digestive processes is the mouth involved in?

The mouth is involved in the following four processes:

• mechanical digestion
• chemical digestion
• nutrient absorption

Which digestive enzymes are in the mouth?

A person’s mouth contains the enzymes amylase and lingual lipase, which help break down starch and fats.

The mouth is an important part of the digestive process. Digestion begins in a person’s mouth, which breaks down food into smaller particles.

Once a person has finished chewing, their food can pass into the esophagus and the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract processes food further before the anus excretes any waste.

• Biology / Biochemistry
• GastroIntestinal / Gastroenterology

How we reviewed this article:

• Accessory organs. (n.d.). https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/accessory.html
• How does the tongue work? (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279407/
• Introduction to the digestive system. (n.d.). https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/
• Kamrani, P, et al . (2022). Anatomy, head and neck, oral cavity (mouth). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545271/
• Mouth. (n.d.). https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/mouth.html
• Saliva & salivary gland disorders. (2018). https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/saliva-salivary-gland-disorders
• Sensoy, I. (2021). A review on the food digestion in the digestive tract and the used in vitro models. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665927121000307?via%3Dihub
• Your digestive system & how it works. (2017). https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works
• Zimmerman, B., et al . (2022). Physiology, tooth. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538475/

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Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Salivary glands

Mar 11, 2019

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Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Salivary glands. Overview A. The digestive system comprises the oral region and alimentary canal (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines), and several extrinsic glands.

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• salivary glands
• keratinized epithelium
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Presentation Transcript

Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Salivary glands • Overview • A. The digestive system comprises the oral region and alimentary canal (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines), and several extrinsic glands. • B. It consists of a hollow tube (highly modified in the oral cavity) of varying diameter, composed of a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa (or adventitia). • C. Function. The digestive system secretes enzymes and hormones that function in ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients as well as in the elimination of indigestible materials.

Oral Region • The oral region includes • the lips • palate • teeth and associated structures • Tongue • major salivary glands • lingual tonsils. • It is covered in most places by a stratified squamous epithelium whose epithelial ridges interdigitate with tall connective tissue papillae (connective tissue ridges) of the subjacent connective tissue.

Lips • The lips are divided into an external region, a vermilion zone, and an internal region. • The first two regions are covered by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, whereas the internal region is lined by stratified squamousnonkeratinized epithelium. • A dense irregular connective tissue core envelops skeletal muscle. • Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles are present in the external region; minor salivary glands in the internal region; and occasional, nonfunctional sebaceous glands in the internal region and vermilion zone.

The Palate • It is divided into an anterior hard palate (possessing a bony shelf in its core) and a posterior soft palate (possessing skeletal muscle in its core). • The hard palate is lined by stratified squamousparakeratinized to stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. • The soft palate is lined on its oral aspect by stratified squamousnonkeratinized epithelium. It contains minor mucous salivary glands in the oral aspect of its mucosa.

Teeth • Overview • Teeth are composed of an internal soft tissue, the pulp, and three calcified tissues: enamel and cementum, which form the surface layer, and dentin, which lies between the surface layer and pulp. • As in bone, calcium hydroxyapatite is the mineralized material in the calcified dental tissues. • Teeth contain an enamel-covered crown, a cementum-covered root, and a cervix, the region where the two surface materials meet.

Tongue • Overview • The tongue is divided into an anterior two thirds and a posterior one third by the sulcusterminalis, whose apex ends in the foramen cecum. • Its dorsal surface is covered by stratified squamousparakeratinized to keratinized epithelium, whereas its ventral surface is covered by stratified squamousnonkeratinized epithelium. • Both epithelial surfaces are underlain by a lamina propria and submucosa of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. • The tongue possesses a core of skeletal muscle, which forms the bulk of the tongue.

Lingual papillae • They are located on the dorsal surface of the anterior two thirds of the tongue. • a. Filiform papillae are short, narrow, highly keratinized structures lacking taste buds. • b. Fungiform papillae are mushroom-shaped structures interspersed among the filiform papillae; they contain occasional taste buds. • c. Foliate papillae are shallow, longitudinal furrows located on the lateral aspect of the posterior region of the anterior two thirds of the tongue. Their taste buds degenerate shortly after the second year of life. • d. Circumvallate papillae are 10 to 15 large, circular papillae, each of which is surrounded by a moat-like furrow. They are located just anterior to the sulcusterminalis and possess taste buds.

Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae

Circumvallate papillae Foliate papillae

Taste buds • (a) Taste buds are intraepithelial structures located on the lateral surfaces of circumvallate papillae and the walls of the surrounding furrows. • (b) Function. Taste buds perceive salt, sour, bitter, and sweet taste sensations. • Glands of von Ebner are minor salivary glands that deliver their serous secretion into the furrow surrounding each papilla, assisting the taste buds in perceiving stimuli. • The muscular core of the tongue is composed of bundles of skeletal muscle fibers arranged in three planes with minor salivary glands interspersed among them. • Lingual tonsils are located on the dorsal surface of the posterior one third of the tongue.

Major Salivary Glands • A. Overview • The major salivary glands consist of three paired exocrine glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. • Function. They synthesize and secrete salivary amylase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and a secretory component, which complexes with immunoglobulin A (lgA) (produced by plasma cells in the connective tissue), forming a complex that is resistant to enzymatic digestion in the saliva. • They also release kallikrein into the connective tissue. • This enzyme enters the bloodstream, where it converts kininogens into the vasodilator, bradykinin.

Structure. • The major salivary glands are classified as compound tubuloacinar (tubuloalveolar) glands. • They are further classified as serous, mucous, or mixed (serous and mucous), depending on the type of secretoryacini they contain. • These glands are surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue with septa that subdivide each gland into lobes and lobules.

Salivary gland acini • a. Salivary gland acini consist of pyramid-shaped serous or mucous cells arranged around a central lumen that connects with an intercalated duct. Mucous acini may be overlain with a crescent-shaped collection of serous cells called serous demilunes. • b. They possess myoepithelial cells that share the basal lamina of the acinar cells. • c. They release a primary secretion that resembles extracellular fluid. This secretion is modified in the ducts to produce the final secretion. • d. Salivary glands are classified according to their types of salivary gland acini.

(1) Parotid glands consist of serous acini and are classified as serous. • (2) Sublingual glands consist mostly of mucous acini capped with serous demilunes. They are classified as mixed. • (3) Submandibular glands consist of both serous and mucous acini (some also have serous demilunes). They are classified as mixed.

Salivary gland ducts • a. Intercalated ducts originate in the acini and join to form striated ducts. They may deliver bicarbonate ions into the primary secretion. • b. Striated (intralobular) ducts • (1) Striated ducts are lined by ion-transporting cells that remove sodium and chloride ions from the luminal fluid (via a sodium pump) and actively pump potassium ions into it. • (2) In each lobule, they converge and become the interlobular (excretory) ducts, which run in the connective tissue septa. These ducts drain into the main duct of each gland, which empties into the oral cavity.

Saliva • 1. Saliva is a hypotonic solution produced at the rate of about 1 liter (L)/day. • 2. Function • a. Saliva lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity by means of its water and glycoprotein content. • b. It controls bacterial flora by the action of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and IgA, as well as by its cleansing action. • c. It initiates digestion of carbohydrates by the action of salivary amylase. • d. It acts as a solvent for substances that stimulate the taste buds. • e. It assists in the process of deglutition (swallowing).

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