references education

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Education Encyclopedias

• World Education Encyclopedia Comparative, in-depth essays on the educational systems of 233 countries and/or territories. World Education Also contains custom-made graphs and statistical tables, as well as regional maps and an extensive index.
• Encyclopedia of Education Articles on institutions, people, processes, roles, and philosophies in educational practice in the USA and the world. Features biographies, profiles of universities and of organizations; and an appendix of full-text documents, including legislation, international treaties, and testing methods.
• International Encyclopedia of Education Unequalled in its combination of authoritative scholarship and comprehensive coverage, International Encyclopedia of Education, Third Edition succeeds two highly successful previous editions (1985, 1994) in aiming to encapsulate research in this vibrant field for the twenty-first century reader. Under development for five years, this work encompasses over 1,000 articles across 24 individual areas of coverage and is expected to become the dominant resource in the field.

Other Education Encyclopedias

• Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development remains the most authoritative and accessible account of all aspects of child development. Written by an international team of experts, its comprehensive coverage includes everything from prenatal development to adolescence, pediatrics, theories and research methods, physical development, social and emotional development, perceptual and cognitive development, language development, psychopathology, and parenting.
• Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology (ECCSP) is comprehensive and reader-friendly, with approximately 400 entries written by leading researchers, educators, and practitioners in the fields of school psychology and education. ECCSP provides an easily accessible A-to-Z reference in one concise volume across these six key cross-cultural competency areas: Legal and Ethical Issues; School Culture, Educational Policy, and Institutional Advocacy; Psychoeducational Assessment and Related Issues; Academic, Therapeutic, and Consultative Intervention; Working with Interpreters; and Research.
• Encyclopedia of Distance Learning Encompasses the latest concepts, trends, issues, and technologies in the field of distance learning, providing an audience of practitioners, researchers, educators, and students with a critical mass of knowledge on an emerging and significant educational field of study. Containing over 100 research articles by internationally-renowned professionals, this must-have resource contributes the latest findings and practices in topic areas such as computer-based learning, teaching methodologies, and distance learning programs.
• Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent Covers all major facets of the field, including achievement motivation, artistic ability, creative personality, emotional intelligence, gender differences, genius, intelligence testing, learning styles, minority underrepresentation, multiple intelligences, musical ability, prodigies, scientists, self actualization, thinking skills, and more.
• Encyclopedia of Information Technology Curriculum Integration A comprehensive resource of concepts, methodologies, models, architectures, applications, enabling technologies, and best practices for integrating technology into the curriculum at all levels of education. Compiling 154 articles from over 125 of the world's leading experts on information technology, this authoritative reference strives to supply innovative research aimed at improving academic achievement, teaching and learning, and the application of technology in schools and training environments.
• Encyclopedia of Language and Education Includes research and scholarly content essential to the field of language teaching and learning in the age of globalization. In the selection of topics and contributors, the Encyclopedia reflects the depth of disciplinary knowledge, breadth of interdisciplinary perspective, and diversity of sociogeographic experience in the language and education field.
• Encyclopedia of Special Education Addresses issues of importance ranging from theory to practice and is a critical reference for researchers as well as those working in the special education field.
• Gender and Education : An Encyclopedia In this two volume set, educators explore the intersection of gender and education. Their entries deal with educational theories, research, curricula, practices, personnel, and policies, but also with variations in the gendering of education across historical and cultural contexts.
• Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia The encyclopedia is designed to show the diversity of topics that contribute to the study of the philosophy of education.
• TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching publishes new content online twice a year (summer and winter) to ensure that it remains the most up-to-date reference in the field of English language teaching available for students, researchers, academics and professionals.
• Education Section of CREDO

CREDO is an online reference library that provides advanced searching and full-text of hundreds of dictionaries and encyclopedias in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences.

In Education area, it includes titles such as:

• The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
• The Development Dictionary
• Dictionary of Youth Justice
• Encyclopedia of Special Education
• Gender and Education: An Encyclopedia
• Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts
• Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children
• International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent
• Key Concepts in Education
• Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia
• SAGE Key Concepts series: Key Concepts in Learning Disabilities
• Springer International Handbooks of Education: International Handbook of Educational Evaluation
• Springer International Handbooks of Education: International Handbook of School Effectiveness and Improvement
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• Last Updated: Nov 5, 2024 1:40 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/education

Education - Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary

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• Referencing educational websites and online documents in APA 7th
• Evaluating your sources
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How to reference key online resources for Education (APA 7th)

Use this template for webpages & for PDFs retrieved from the web:

Author. (Year or Year, Month Date). Title [Form, if needed ]. Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL

This table shows how to format in-text citations and full references for key educational resources in APA 7th:

Tips for referencing websites and online documents (using APA 7th)

Visit our fedcite guide  for examples of references and in-text citations for webpages and online documents. , see below for supplementary advice to help you with specific referencing issues that you may encounter., referencing websites.

• You must include an in-text citation and reference list entry for a website/ webpage if you mention specific information from it, whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.
• If you are talking in general about a website, without mentioning any specific information on that site, simply give the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. There is no need to include a reference list entry. 

Reference list entries for webpages and PDFs

• Give name of corporate author in full (not as an abbreviation or acronym) in the reference list.
• Include only the specific agency responsible for the publication - do not include the name of parent organisations (e.g. State Government of Victoria) unless you need to avoid ambiguity.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for webpages (as displayed on the individual page) or use (n.d.) if there is no date given.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date rather than the year of creation or copyright.
• Give the title of the specific page. If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase in square brackets.
• In many cases, the website's name is the same as the name of the corporate author. Whenever this is the case, omit the site name from the reference list entry to avoid repetition.

In-text citations for webpages and PDFs

• The first time you refer to an organisation or government body in an in-text citation, include the full name, followed by the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) in square brackets.  e.g. (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations [DEEWR], 2009).
• In subsequent in-text citations, include only the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) e.g. (DEEWR, 2009)
• When quoting directly from a PDF, include a page number, e.g. (DEEWR, 2009, p. 11).
• When quoting directly from a webpage, include the section title or paragraph number, e.g. (VCAA, n.d., para. 3). If paragraphs are not numbered, simply count them yourself.

Referencing multiple pages from within the same website

• Reference each webpage separately and use lower case letter suffixes (as described in following section below) to distinguish between each one.

Referencing multiple sources with same author and same year of publication

• When you refer to more than one source published by the same author in the same year, distinguish each source by using a lower-case letter immediately after the year within the brackets.
• In the reference list, order these works alphabetically by title. In-text citations should include the same corresponding letter.
• NOTE: If the date is given as (n.d.), add a hyphen before the lower-case letter. e.g. (n.d.-a)

Example: In-text

… other strategies are mentioned (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019a)

… as described in the Toolkit (DET, 2019b) 

Example: Reference list

Department of Education and Training. (2019a). High impact teaching strategies: Excellence in teaching and learning. 

https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/support/high-impact-teaching-strategies.pdf

Department of Education and Training. (2019b ). Literacy teaching toolkit. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/

school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/default.aspx

APA Style website

For more information on how to reference webpages, visit the APA Style website:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Webpage on a website references . APA style.  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

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• Last Updated: Oct 21, 2024 2:50 PM
• URL: https://libguides.federation.edu.au/educationandearlychildhood

Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

Our Best Education Articles of 2020

In February of 2020, we launched the new website Greater Good in Education , a collection of free, research-based and -informed strategies and practices for the social, emotional, and ethical development of students, for the well-being of the adults who work with them, and for cultivating positive school cultures. Little did we know how much more crucial these resources would become over the course of the year during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Now, as we head back to school in 2021, things are looking a lot different than in past years. Our most popular education articles of 2020 can help you manage difficult emotions and other challenges at school in the pandemic, all while supporting the social-emotional well-being of your students.

In addition to these articles, you can also find tips, tools, and recommended readings in two resource guides we created in 2020: Supporting Learning and Well-Being During the Coronavirus Crisis and Resources to Support Anti-Racist Learning , which helps educators take action to undo the racism within themselves, encourage their colleagues to do the same, and teach and support their students in forming anti-racist identities.

Here are the 10 best education articles of 2020, based on a composite ranking of pageviews and editors’ picks.

Can the Lockdown Push Schools in a Positive Direction? , by Patrick Cook-Deegan: Here are five ways that COVID-19 could change education for the better.

How Teachers Can Navigate Difficult Emotions During School Closures , by Amy L. Eva: Here are some tools for staying calm and centered amid the coronavirus crisis.

Six Online Activities to Help Students Cope With COVID-19 , by Lea Waters: These well-being practices can help students feel connected and resilient during the pandemic.

Help Students Process COVID-19 Emotions With This Lesson Plan , by Maurice Elias: Music and the arts can help students transition back to school this year.

How to Teach Online So All Students Feel Like They Belong , by Becki Cohn-Vargas and Kathe Gogolewski: Educators can foster belonging and inclusion for all students, even online.

How Teachers Can Help Students With Special Needs Navigate Distance Learning , by Rebecca Branstetter: Kids with disabilities are often shortchanged by pandemic classroom conditions. Here are three tips for educators to boost their engagement and connection.

How to Reduce the Stress of Homeschooling on Everyone , by Rebecca Branstetter: A school psychologist offers advice to parents on how to support their child during school closures.

Three Ways to Help Your Kids Succeed at Distance Learning , by Christine Carter: How can parents support their children at the start of an uncertain school year?

How Schools Are Meeting Social-Emotional Needs During the Pandemic , by Frances Messano, Jason Atwood, and Stacey Childress: A new report looks at how schools have been grappling with the challenges imposed by COVID-19.

Six Ways to Help Your Students Make Sense of a Divisive Election , by Julie Halterman: The election is over, but many young people will need help understanding what just happened.

Train Your Brain to Be Kinder (video), by Jane Park: Boost your kindness by sending kind thoughts to someone you love—and to someone you don’t get along with—with a little guidance from these students.

From Othering to Belonging (podcast): We speak with john a. powell, director of the Othering & Belonging Institute, about racial justice, well-being, and widening our circles of human connection and concern.

About the Author

Greater Good Editors

Scientific Research in Education (2002)

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Researchers, historians, and philosophers of science have debated the nature of scientific research in education for more than 100 years. Recent enthusiasm for "evidence-based" policy and practice in education—now codified in the federal law that authorizes the bulk of elementary and secondary education programs—have brought a new sense of urgency to understanding the ways in which the basic tenets of science manifest in the study of teaching, learning, and schooling.

Scientific Research in Education describes the similarities and differences between scientific inquiry in education and scientific inquiry in other fields and disciplines and provides a number of examples to illustrate these ideas. Its main argument is that all scientific endeavors share a common set of principles, and that each field—including education research—develops a specialization that accounts for the particulars of what is being studied. The book also provides suggestions for how the federal government can best support high-quality scientific research in education.

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Referencing for Education

Referencing examples, referencing for education: referencing examples.

• Referencing styles
• When and how to reference
• Citation and referencing tools

On this page you'll find examples of some of the most common types of resources that you will need to reference during your time studying education at Deakin.

Click on the plus icons below to explore the examples. These have all been formatted using APA 7 .   

If you get stuck, check out Deakin’s Referencing Guide for more information and examples.

Frameworks and toolkits

Department/Organisation. (Year). Title, Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL.

Framework examples

Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF)  

In-text citation 

The Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF) emphasises the importance of supporting children’s and families’ transitions as they move across services throughout the early childhood period (Department of Education and Training [DET] & Victorian Curriculum Assessment Authority [VCAA], 2016). 

The VEYLDF provides a common language to describe young children’s learning, and common principles to guide practice (DET, & VCAA, 2016).   

Reference list 

Department of Education and Training, & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (2016). Victorian early years learning and development framework: For all children from birth to eight years . State of Victoria. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/providers/edcare/veyldframework.pdf   

Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF)

In-text citation

This framework, "support[s] early childhood providers, teachers and educators to extend and enrich children’s learning from birth to 5 years and through the transition to school" (Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE], 2022). 

Reference list

Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE] (2022).  Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia (V2.0 ). ACT: Australian Government Department of Education for the Ministerial Council. https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/EYLF-2022-V2.0.pdf

Toolkit example

Literacy Teaching Toolkit  

The Literacy Teaching Toolkit provides practical advice and high impact teaching practices that improve outcomes in reading, writing, and speaking and listening. (Department of Education and Training [DET] 2019).

The Toolkit contains resources that can help build coherent literacy and/or numeracy improvement cultures in a range of different disciplines (DET, 2019).   

Department of Education and Training. (2019). Literacy teaching toolkit. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/default.aspx

• Where no date is specified use n.d. 
• If the name of a department or agency is long and the abbreviation is familiar to readers, cite the full name and provide the abbreviation in square brackets in the first instance. Use the abbreviation in subsequent references. 
• Use sentence case for titles of articles, books, reports and webpages, even if the title case was used in the original work; capitalise each word for journal titles. 

Curriculum resources and standards

Department/Organisation. (Year). Title , Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL. 

VCAA Victorian Curriculum

The Humanities framework of the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (n.d.) is one that allows students to examine the complex processes that have shaped the modern world. 

In History and Geography, students explore the processes that have shaped, and which continue to shape, different societies and cultures (VCAA, n.d.). 

Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (n.d.). About the humanities . https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/the-humanities/introduction/about-the-humanities 

AITSL Australian professional standards for teachers

In-text citation  .

The Australian professional standards for teachers outline seven standards in the areas of professional knowledge, professional practice and professional engagement (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], n.d.). 

The first standard, “Know students and how they learn”, focuses on physical, social, and intellectual development and characteristics of students (AITSL, n.d.). 

Reference list  

Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. (n.d.). Australian professional standards for teachers . https://www.aitsl.edu.au/standards 

Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA)

The early years are critical for establishing self-esteem, resilience, healthy growth and capacity to learn (Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority [ACECQA], n.d.).  

StartingBlocks is an initiative which provides parents with information about early childhood education and care to help them make the best choice for their child and family (ACECQA, n.d.). 

Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority. (n.d.). What is the NQF?  https://www.acecqa.gov.au/nqf/about. 

If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher’s name. 

Professional associations and industry organisations

Organisation. (Year, Month if known). Title . URL.

Early Childhood Australia

Be You is a national initiative that equips educators to support the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people from birth to 18 years, providing an end-to-end approach for early learning services, school age care services, primary schools, and secondary schools across Australia (Early Childhood Australia [ECA], 2022). 

Early Childhood Australia. (2022). Be you early learning. https://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/beyou/#:~:text=You_Early_Learning-,What_is_Be_You%3F,and_secondary_schools_across_Australia 

Victorian Aboriginal Education Association (VAEA)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are twice as likely to be more developmentally vulnerable early in life than non-Indigenous children because of the continuing impact of colonization (Victorian Aboriginal Education Association [VAEA], 2020). 

Introductory protocols are important. Be prepared to spend time sharing personal background information about yourself and the purpose of your activity. Realise that relationships take time to develop (VAEA, 2020). 

Victorian Aboriginal Education Association. (2020). Aboriginal early childhood cultural protocols. https://www.vaeai.org.au/wp-content/uploads/delightful-downloads/2020/06/2020Cutural_Protocols_VAEAI-1.pdf 

United Nations Children's Fund

Defined as an ongoing and repeated behaviour that intentionally causes harm, the physical, psychological and social effects of bullying can last a lifetime (United Children’s Nations Fund [UNICEF], 2014).  

United Nations Children’s Fund. (2014, September). Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children.  https://data.unicef.org/resources/hidden-in-plain-sight-a-statistical-analysis-of-violence-against-children/ 

• When referencing a document from a webpage, follow the guidelines for citing a webpage and include a link to the document. 
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage 

Government documents

Organisation/Department. (year). Title (sentence case). (Report no., if available). https://URL [hyperlinked]

Department of Education and Training

In-text citation  .

The NAPLAN has been found to have the potential to narrow the curriculum, thus restricting student learning, in several ways (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019). 

Teachers can focus their lessons exclusively to those aspects of the curriculum that are being tested by NAPLAN, denying students access to the rich array of topics offered through other subjects (DET, 2019). 

Department of Education and Training. (2017). NAPLAN review interim report https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/about/programs/NAPLANreviewinterimreport_nov2019.pdf  

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2022), child deaths have halved from 20 to 10 deaths per 100,000 children. 

A recently released report shows that most Australian children are healthy, safe and doing well, but there is scope for further gains in some areas (AIHW, 2022). 

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2022). Australia’s children. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children/contents/executive-summary  

Australian Bureau of Statistics

In the last 12 months, 42% of Australians aged 15-74 (7.8 million people) have participated in learning (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2021). 

Online learning is currently the most common way work-related training is delivered (ABS, 2021). 

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Work-related training and adult learning, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/work-related-training-and-adult-learning-australia/2020-21   

If the name of a department or agency is long and the abbreviation is familiar to readers, cite the full name and provide the abbreviation in brackets in the first instance. Use the abbreviation in subsequent references. 

Streaming videos

The format of streaming video references can vary depending on the production company behind the video an the platform it is accessed on.

Producer/Writer/Presenter/Speaker, Initials. [screen name]. (year, month day). Title [Video file]. URL

Always provide information about the person (producer) who has uploaded the video. Provide their real name and then the screen name/username in square brackets. If only the screen name is known, provide this without brackets.

You can also cite a person who appears in the video, even if they didn't produce the video.

To cite the words of individuals featured in a video, name or describe the individual(s) in your sentence in the text and then provide a parenthetical citation for the video.

See further details

Mike Christiansen, a 9th grade social studies teacher at Kent-Meridian High School in Kent, WA, uses YouTube in his classroom to transform it into a 21st century learning environment (Teachers, 2012).

Teachers. (2012, September 13). 21st century classroom: YouTube @ Kent-Meridian High School. [YouTube]. 21st Century Classroom: YouTube @ Kent-Meridian High School

Speaker/presenter. (Year, month). Title of video [Video]. TED Conferences. URL.

Robinson (2010) makes the case for a radical shift from standardised schools to personalized learning -- creating conditions where kids' natural talents can flourish.

A radical shift from standardised schools to personalised learning is advocated as a way of helping children to develop their natural talents (Robinson, 2010).

Robinson, K. (2010, May). Bring on the learning revolution! [Video]. TED2010. https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_bring_on_the_learning_revolution?language=en  

Name of Company/Organization that Provided Content or Creator's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. if known. (Director). (Year video was created, Month Day if known). Title of video [Video]. Name of Streaming Service.

When an elementary school in the United States implemented a gender training course for its teachers, it resulted in a significant and positive impact on student wellbeing outcomes (Sturnik, 2016).

Sturnik, J. (Director). (2016). Creating gender inclusive schools. [Video]. Kanopy. 

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