experiment no 1 vernier caliper

• High School
• You don't have any recent items yet.
• You don't have any courses yet.
• You don't have any books yet.
• You don't have any Studylists yet.
• Information

Experiment 1- Measurement of Length and Diamter using Vernier Caliper and Micrometer Screw Gauge

Applied physics, national university of sciences and technology.

Recommended for you

Students also viewed.

• Applied Physics Lab Manual Edited 2023
• Lab-1-Introduction - Xnxjd
• Physsics lab experiment
• AP lab -06 - sassdf
• S-1 Topical - fdf

Related documents

• 2 - 11111111111111111
• 1 m PAScar Dynamics System Manual ME 6953
• Mechanics lab 3 - In this lab report conservation of momentum is described
• Physics LAB Manual B Tech
• LAB manuals for first semester students
• CS-114 BESE11B Lab4

Preview text

Experiment# 1, measurement of length and diameter using, vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge, 1) introduction, vernier caliper: the principle of vernier caliper is that when two scales slightly, different in length are placed one below the other, the deference between them can be utilized, to enhance the accuracy of measurement. this instrument may be used to measure outer, dimensions of objects (using the main jaws), inside dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the, top), and depths (using the stem). veriner caliper essentially consists of two steel rules, and, these can slide along each other (see in fig. 1). one of the scales, i., the main scale is engraved, in mm and partly in 1mm. the sliding scale, called the vernier scale consists of 50 divisions, engraved on a length of 49mm. hence the least count which is the main significant value that, can be measured further to the main scale reading is (1 - 49/50) = 0. the graduation, divisions and the l may vary from the type of vernier to another based on the range of, measurement., micrometer screw gauge: the micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even, smaller dimensions than the vernier callipers. the micrometer screw gauge also uses an, auxiliary scale (measuring hundredths of a millimetre) which is marked on a rotary thimble, (see in fig. 2). basically, it is a screw with an accurately constant pitch (the amount by which, the thimble moves forward or backward for one complete revolution). micrometer screw, gauge works on the principle of screw and nut. when a screw is turned one revolution through, a fixed nut, the screw moves by one pitch of the thread. a circular scale marked with ‘n’ equal, parts is attached to the screw and each division on it measures a length equal to (pitch/n). a, linear scale with graduations in mm and 0 is engraved on the barrel. this is the main, scale a circular scale with 50 divisions is engraved on the bevelled surface of the thimble, this, is vernier scale. if the micrometer screw gauge has a pitch of 0 mm, that one turn of thimble, makes it to travel by 0. as there are 50 equal divisions on the bevelled edge of the, thimble, the axial movement of the spindle connected to the thimble per division value and is, known as the least count of micrometer screw gauge., 2) conceptual objectives, a. to study the vernier caliper principle and to learn the use of vernier caliper for the, accurate measurement of length, depth, and diameter., b. to study the micrometer screw gauge principle and to learn the use of micrometer screw, gauge for the accurate measurement of diameter and thickness., 3) questions to be prepared before coming to the lab, a. what is the difference between vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge, b. what is the parallax error, c. what are the advantages and limitations of vernier caliper.

####### D. What are the advantages and limitations of micrometer screw gauge?

####### Careful quantitative measurements are very important for development of physics, the most

####### exact of the experimental sciences. The measurement of length and diameter are basic to many

####### of the experiments performed by physicists.

5) The Experiment

####### Vernier caliper, Micrometer screw gauge, Lead shots, Cylinder, Wire, Metallic strip.

Fig. Parts of Vernier Caliper Fig. 2. Parts of Micrometer Screw Gauge

####### c) Final reading is calculated using the main scale reading (A) + pitch scale reading (B) ×

####### least count of the micrometer screw gauge ± Zero Error

####### 7. Take the reading at a number of positions to ensure that the measurement is made with

####### sufficient confidence (minimum 3 reading) and tabulate them.

####### 8. Find mean of the reading,

####### Mean =X= (X 1 +X 2 + ...... Xn)/n

####### 9. Find the standard deviation,

####### σ = ±√∑(𝑋𝑖−𝑋) 2 / 𝑛−

####### Where n is no of readings taken.

6) Observations & Calculations:

Vernier caliper:.

####### Table 1: Length of the cylinder

####### S. No. Main Scale

####### Reading

####### (MSR)

####### “A” (mm)

####### Vernier

####### Scale

####### “VSR”

####### Least

####### Count

####### “L”

####### (mm)

####### Zero

####### Error

####### VSR x

####### “B”

####### Final

####### (A + B) ±

####### Mean of cylinder length = mm

####### Standard Deviation = ±

####### Table 2 : Depth of the cylinder

####### (A + B)

####### ± Zero

####### Mean of cylinder depth = mm

####### Table 3 : External diameter of the cylinder

####### Mean of cylinder external diameter = mm

####### Table 4 : Internal diameter of the cylinder

####### Mean of cylinder internal diameter = mm

####### Table 7 : Thickness of the metallic strip

####### Circular

####### “CSR”

####### CSR x

####### Mean of metallic strip thickness = mm

####### Volume of the lead shot; 𝑉𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡 =

####### ; r = Mean of diameter/

####### Vlead shot = m 3

7) Precautions:

Vernier caliper.

####### 1. Do not apply excessive force to the work piece. Excessive measuring force will develop

####### instrument error because of the positional deviation of the jaw or deformation of the work

####### piece.

####### 2. Take reading on the vernier / main scale in a viewing direction perpendicular to the

####### measured point on the scales.

####### 3. Do not use the vernier as a stick or screwdriver.

####### 4. Do not throw it on the table.

Micrometer Screw Gauge

####### 1. The port whose dimension is to be measured must be held in left hand or firmly on a

####### surface and the micrometer screw gauge in right hand, and i such a way that the forefinger

####### and the thumb will be able to rotate the thimble and ratchet.

####### 2. Micrometer screw gauge should be cleaned of any dust and spindle should move freely.

####### 3. Do not drop the micrometer screw gauge or throw it on the table. Keep it in the case when

####### not in use.

National University of Technology

Initial lab report, course: phy1 304 applied physics lab, batch: fall 2021, department: mechanical engineering, experiment no. 1 date:, experiment title:, name: _______________________________, nutech id: _________________________, instructor: ____________________________, signature (instructor):, 1. experiment objectives:, 2. basic equations of experiment theory:.

####### Table 5 : Diameter of the lead shot

####### Mean of lead shot diameter = mm

####### Volume of the cylinder; 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 r = Mean of cylinder external diameter/

####### Vcylinder = m 3

Micrometer Screw Gauge:

####### Table 6 : Diameter of the lead shot

####### A + B ±

Final Lab Report

Title Page The title page of your Lab report should include the following information: a) NUTECH Logo b) No. and Name of the Experiment c) Submitted To: Name of the Instructor d) Submitted By: Individual Member Name with respective registration No e) Date of Experiment Performed

• Objective: Objective of the practical will be explained in this section. For example, this practical is used to determine different types of strength.
• Apparatus: Write the name of the apparatus used in the experiment.
• Theoretical Explanation: Explain the theory behind the practical or experiment. It can include ideal diagrams used in theory and graphs etc.
• Explanation of Procedure: Pre explanation of the practical
• Observations and Calculations: The Calculation and observation during the experiment which includes reading and noting down the measurements, draw concerned tables shown in the demonstration and class lecture.
• Results and Analysis: In this portion, you will describe what is achieved during experiment. Analyze and discuss the practical. Use graphical representation if any. All calculation using formulas and demonstration of graphical portion of the practical should be explained in this section.
• Precautions: Note the necessary precautions of respective practical.

####### a) Comments about the result.

####### b) Whether we have achieved the desire result or not. Deduction of the practical.

####### c) Conclusion of the practical.

• Multiple Choice

Course : Applied Physics

University : national university of sciences and technology.

• Discover more from: Applied Physics National University of Sciences and Technology 128   Documents Go to course
• More from: Applied Physics National University of Sciences and Technology 128   Documents Go to course

• No category

EXPERIMENT 1 - MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, MASS AND TIME

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

You can add this document to your study collection(s)

Add this document to saved

You can add this document to your saved list

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib

(For complaints, use another form )

Input it if you want to receive answer

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

CBSE Physics Experiment Measurement Using Vernier Callipers

Physics Experiment - Measurement Using Vernier Callipers

Measurement is an integral part of our life. Several times the ordinary tools required for measurement are not precise enough for our needs. As physics students, this becomes a great issue for most of us while working in our laboratories. In such cases, where there arises a need to measure smaller distances, a vernier calliper comes as a handy tool. 

In daily life, we need to measure the precise dimensions of iron rods in construction, adjustment of pipe fittings in households, drilling tools, etc. In each of these, we usually need vernier callipers to precisely determine the dimensions and minimise the uncertainties.

In this experiment , we will learn how to measure linear distances using vernier callipers . We'll be estimating the dimensions of a solid cube of known mass to estimate its mass density as an application of the same.

Table of Contents

Apparatus required, observations, lab manual questions, viva questions.

Practical Based Question

To measure the dimensions of a small solid cube of known mass using vernier callipers and hence to estimate its mass density .

A vernier callipers

A given small solid cube of known mass

Magnifying lens

A vernier calliper is a measuring scale used to measure smaller distances than a centimetre scale. It is equipped with a main centimetre scale and a small vernier scale sliding over it. Vernier constant is defined as the difference between the values of one main scale and one vernier scale division. 

Vernier Callipers

To get the least count of vernier scale , slide the smaller scale towards the fixed end so that both the teeth are in contact. Observe the small scale using a magnifying lens. If MSD refers to one Main Scale Division and VSD refers to one Vernier Scale Division, then:

\[10\;VSD = 9\;MSD\]

\[\Rightarrow 1\;VSD = \dfrac{9}{{10}}MSD = 0.9\;MSD\]

Least Count \[LC\] or Vernier Constant ,

\[LC = 1\;MSD - 1\;VSD\]

\[\Rightarrow LC = 1\;MSD - 0.9\;MSD\]

\[\Rightarrow  LC= 0.1\;MSD\]

Since 1 MSD = \[0.1\;cm\] , hence

\[LC = 0.1 \times 0.1\;cm = 0.01\;cm\]

\[\Rightarrow LC = 0.01 \times 10\;mm\]

\[\Rightarrow LC = 0.1\;mm\]

Hence, the least count or vernier constant of a vernier scale is 0.1 mm, ten times smaller than that of a conventional centimetre scale.

In this experiment, we are going to precisely measure the linear dimensions of a solid cube using vernier callipers and estimate its mass density using volume and known mass .

Slide the smaller scale to the fixed end so that both teeth of the instrument touch each other. Check that the zero of the vernier scale coincides with that of the main scale.

If they do not coincide, note the MSD with which zero of vernier scale coincides.

Place the object between the two teeth of the instrument. Note the MSD with which the zero of vernier scale coincides or which is immediately before the zero of vernier scale using magnifying glass. This is the Main Scale Reading \[MSR\] .

Note the VSD which is nearly perfectly coinciding with any of the MSD. This is the Vernier Scale Reading \[VSR\].

Take three such readings for MSR and VSR for length of the cube.

In the same way, take three MSR and VSR readings each for the breadth and height of the cube. Tabulate the observations.

We will note down three MSR and VSR each for three material dimensions. Then we will take the average each for length, breadth and height to get the precise result.

Observation Table

Least count \[LC\] = 0.01 cm

Reading = \[MSR + (LC \times VSR)\] = ………………

\[\text{Average} = \dfrac{\text{Sum of all readings}}{\text{Number of readings}}\] = …………

\[Volume = (Average\;length) \times (Average\;breadth) \times (Average\;height)\;c{m^3}\] = ……………

\[\text{Mass density} = \dfrac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Determined volume}}\] = ……………..

Precautions

Always add/ subtract the zero error in the final reading.

Ensure that the vernier scale slides smoothly over the main scale.

Note the coinciding divisions very carefully using magnifying lens.

1. How can you find the thickness of the steel sheet used to make the tumbler using vernier callipers?

Ans: For measuring the thickness of the steel sheet, first measure the inner diameter of the tumbler, and then the outer diameter of the tumbler using the vernier callipers. Then the thickness of the sheet can be calculated by subtracting the inner diameter from the outer diameter and then dividing it by 2.

2. How the precision of an instrument will change if one will change when changing the number of divisions on the vernier callipers?

Ans: If the number of divisions on the vernier callipers will change then it will eventually decrease the precision of the instrument. Since the least count of the vernier callipers is defined as the, Least Count (LC) = 1 MSD-1VSD, so in ideal gas, 1 main scale, which is 1 mm,  will be equal to the 10 VSD of 9 mm, and then LC = 0.1 mm, so if now we increase VSD to 20 instead of 10 then for such case the LC will be equal to 1 mm -0.45 mm = 0.55 mm, and therefore, precision will decrease.

3. In the vernier scale (angular) normally provided in spectrometers/sextant, 60 VSD coincides with 59 MSD (each division of angle 1°). Find the least count of the vernier.

Ans: In the vernier scale of spectrometers, the least count is defined as:

In the given problem, we have

\[60\;VSD = 59\;MSD\]

\[ \Rightarrow 1\;VSD = \dfrac{{59}}{{60}}\;MSD\]

Therefore                                 

\[LC = 1\;MSD - \dfrac{{59}}{{60}}\;MSD\]

\[ \Rightarrow LC = \dfrac{{60 - 59}}{{60}}MSD\]

\[ \Rightarrow LC = \dfrac{1}{{60}}MSD\]

\[ \Rightarrow LC = \;1'\]

Thus, the least count is 1’.

4. How can you find the value of π using a given cylinder and a pair of vernier callipers? 

Ans: Take a metal sheet and make a cylinder out of it, now measure the diameter D of the cylinder using the vernier callipers and then measure the circumference of the cylinder, which is length of the sheet L with a conventional metre scale. Now calculate the ratio of the L and D results, which gives you the value of π.

1. What is a vernier calliper?

Ans: A vernier calliper is a simple instrument used for accurately measuring lengths up to 0.1 mm.

2. Which is larger, MSD or VSD?

Ans: MSD is larger than VSD.

3. How will the accuracy be affected if VSD increases?

Ans: As VSD increases, least count decreases and hence accuracy increases.

4. How will you determine the least count of a vernier scale?

Ans: The least count of the vernier scale is given by the ratio of smallest division of main scale to the total number of divisions on vernier scale.

5. What is zero error?

Ans: When the zeroes of the main scale and vernier scale do not coincide, the error arising in calculation is known as zero error .

6. How will you find corrected reading?

Ans: Corrected reading is given by adding or subtracting the zero error in calculated reading.

7. How does temperature affect reading?

Ans: As the temperature increases, the length expands. Hence, reading increases.

8. What are teeth and sharp straps used for?

Ans: Teeth are used for measuring inner and outer diameters and the strap is used for measuring the depth of a container.

9. How do you define the vernier constant?

Ans: Vernier constant is defined as the least count of vernier callipers. Its value is 0.01 cm.

9. How do you calculate the measurement of a length using vernier callipers?

Ans: The length is measured by adding the main scale reading to the least count times the vernier scale reading.

Practical Based Questions

1. The least count of vernier callipers is:

Ans: B) 0.1 mm

The least count of vernier callipers is 0.1 mm.

2. How many scales does a vernier calliper have?

A vernier calliper has 2 scales.

3. A vernier callipers is accurately used to measure:

Ans: A) Length

A vernier calliper is accurately used to measure length.

4. How many sets of jaws does a vernier calliper have?

A vernier calliper has 2 sets of jaws.

5. Vernier constant is given by:

Ans: B) MSD - VSD

Vernier constant is given by MSD - VSD.

6. The reading is calculated by:

MSD + LC × VSD

MSD - LC × VSD

VSD + LC × MSD

Ans: A) MSD + LC × VSD

The reading is calculated by MSD + LC × VSD.

7. The number of MSD that coincide with 10 VSD are:

9 MSD coincides with 10 VSD.

8. Vernier calliper does not finds applications in:

Laboratories

Time-keeping

Ans: C)Time-keeping

Vernier calliper does not find applications in time-keeping.

9. Using the vernier callipers on a body with known mass, one can calculate its:

Mass density

Number density

Ans: A) mass density.

Using this data, one can calculate its mass density.

10. The number of divisions on vernier scale are:

The number of divisions on the vernier scale are 10.

From this experiment, we can say that the instrument vernier callipers find an immense use in measurement over the conventional centimetre scales for measuring linear distances. Due to their least count about one-tenth of that of ordinary scale, they provide up to ten times the precision for measuring. We hope that, after this experiment, the reader has got some useful insight in the concept of vernier callipers, its diagram , theory, working formula and practical applications.

FAQs on CBSE Physics Experiment Measurement Using Vernier Callipers

1. Explain the working principle of vernier callipers.

A vernier calliper increases the accuracy of the main scale by providing an additional smaller sliding scale having more number of divisions than the main divisions over the same length.

2. How do you calculate the least count of vernier callipers?

The least count of vernier callipers can be easily determined by noting the number of vernier scale divisions coinciding with that of main scale divisions and taking the difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division.

3. What are the parameters one can find using vernier callipers?

Using vernier callipers, one can accurately determine the length, inner and outer diameters and depth of a container.

4. How do you calculate the zero error in vernier callipers?

The zero error can be determined by noting the main scale division to which the zero of the vernier scale is coinciding or vice-versa for the opposite direction. Then this length is subtracted/added to the final result.

5. How do you increase the accuracy of vernier callipers?

The accuracy of vernier callipers can be increased by increasing the divisions on the vernier scale.

• Physics Article
• To Measure Diameter of a Small Spherical/ Cylindrical Body Using Vernier’s Callipers

To Measure Diameter of a Small Spherical/ Cylindrical Body Using Vernier Callipers

A vernier scale or a vernier calliper is a measuring device that is used to precisely measure linear dimensions. It is a useful tool to measure spherical and cylindrical objects. It has two main scales known as the main scale and the vernier’s scale, which are divided into small divisions. Both the scales have two jaws that are perpendicular to the scale. The zeroes of the main scale and vernier scale coincide when the jaws are made to touch each other. The jaws and the metallic strips are designed to measure the diameter of objects. In this experiment, we will learn to measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using Vernier Calliper . Let us learn the V ernier calliper experiment in short and quick way.

Use of Vernier Calliper to measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.

Apparatus/ Materials Required

• A spherical body such as a pendulum bob or a glass marble
• Vernier Caliper
• Magnifying Glass

The smallest distance that can be measured along the distance is the least count. It is the difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division.

In Vernier Callipers, n divisions of the vernier scale coincide with (n-1) divisions of the main scale.

n V.S.D = (n-1) M.S.D

Formula Used

• Least count of Vernier Calliper

Corrected Diameter = Mean Observed Diameter – Zero Error

• Keep the jaws of the vernier calliper closed. Make sure that the zero of the main scale perfectly coincides with the zero of the vernier scale. If it doesn’t coincide account for the zero error for all observations.
• Using a magnifying glass, look for the division of the main scale that coincides with the division of the vernier scale. Note down the number of division that coincides with each other. To avoid parallax error, position your eye directly over the division mark.
• Release the movable jaw by gently loosening the screw. Slide it enough to hold the sphere or the cylindrical body between the jaws AB without any undue pressure. Align it perfectly perpendicular to the diameter of the body. Gently tighten the screw in order to clamp the instrument in this position to the body.
• Note down the position of the zero of the vernier scale against the zero of the main scale. Normally, it will not perfectly coincide with any of the divisions on the main scale. Record the main scale division to the left of the zero marks of the vernier scale.
• Look for the exact coincidence of the vernier scale division with that of the main scale division in the vernier window from the left end to the right. Note down the number N.
• Multiply the obtained N by the least count of the instrument and add the product to the main scale reading noted in step 4. Make sure to convert the product into proper units for valid addition.
• Repeat steps 3-6 to get the positions of the body at different positions on its curved surface. Make sure to take three sets of reading in each case.
• Record the observations in a tabular column with proper reading. If needed, apply zero correction.
• Find the arithmetic mean of the corrected readings of the diameter of the body.

Observations

• Main scale division = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
• Number of Venier scale division N = 10
• Vernier scale division = 9 main scale division
• Vernier scale division = 0.9 main scale division

Vernier Constant = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division

= (1 – 0.9) main scale divisions

= 0.1 main scale divisions

• \(\begin{array}{l}True\,Reading=Observed\,Reading-(\pm Zero\,error)\end{array} \)
• Table for measuring the diameter of a small/cyndrical body

Mean Observed Diameter = ……cm

The diameter of the given sphere/cylinder is _____ cm.

What is the principle of a vernier?

How is the least count of vernier callipers calculated.

The least count is also known as the vernier constant. It is the difference between one main scale division (1 mm) and one vernier scale division (0.9 mm). It can also be calculated by dividing the smallest unit on the main scale by the total numbers on the vernier scale.

Define vernier constant.

What is parallax error and how can it be avoided, what are the precautions to be taken while using verniers.

• If the vernier scale doesn’t slide smoothly over the main scale, apply grease or machine oil.
• Keep the eye directly over the division mark to avoid parallax error.
• Screw the vernier tightly without undue pressure to avoid damage to the threads of the screw.

What are the uses of vernier callipers?

• It is used in science labs.
• Used in steel industries.
• Used in aerospace industries

Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

Visit BYJU’S for all Physics related queries and study materials

Your result is as below

Request OTP on Voice Call

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Post My Comment

very helpful

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Register with byju's & watch live videos.