essay on role of army in nation building

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Introduction

No nation state can be built without first creating and inculcating nationalism. The Indian paradox is that we are an old society and civilisation but we are a new nation state in the modern political sense. In its long history, India can be considered to have been a ‘nation state’ only a few times: during the Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC), in the Gupta Age (320-500 AD), the Mughal period (1527-1857 AD), and as the British India colonial empire (1857-1947 AD). The dynamics of these near whole or complete Indian nation states has been that each time, it has risen out of a hotbed of internecine quarrels and fighting among small states: a tendency which is sometimes felt even today.

As a nation state, India comprises myriad streams of culture; 22 scheduled languages, 200 dialects, a dozen ethnic groups, seven religious communities with several sects and sub-sects, and 68 socio-cultural subregions. That makes us a great as well as complex society and nation. This very paradox also poses challenges in building India as a nation.

Nation  Building

What is nation building? Is it economic development and industrialisation? Is it building large metros, roads, schools and hospitals? Is it ensuring social equality and harmony? Or is it shaping a national identity based on our core values so as to mature as a strong and vibrant nation, proud and confident, backed by comprehensive national power to assume its rightful role in international affairs?

Nation building is a combination of all facets of progress. The last part stated above is the ultimate goal in nation building. This is also stated in the Preamble to our Constitution. In addressing the contribution of India’s armed forces in nation building, the starting point lies in understanding India’s military legacy. Military life, in its outlook and purpose, is heavily dependent on traditions of service imbibed over years of blood-stained history. These traditions, almost sacred to soldiers, can be traced upwards to patriotism and downwards to self-pride. These traditions are not only from the British Indian Army but also date back to the Mahabharat days. The Bhagwad Gita says, “Considering your own duty, you should not waver”, or as Guru Gobind Singh says, “Deh shiva war mohe ehse shubh karman te kabhu na taru. Na darro arr seo jab jaye larun nishchay kar apni jit karun”. Similarly, the Chetwode credo states: “The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time.

The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time.” An oath is the bedrock of the true military profession which differentiates it from all other professions. Earlier, the oath was based on the concept of “Naam– Namak–Nishan: Be Honourable–True to your Salt–Uphold the Flag.”

Today this oath is to the Constitution of democratic India. The armed forces are a true reflection of the basic national concept of unity in diversity. In an exemplary role model for the rest of our countrymen, soldiers of all classes, castes, creeds and religions are able to serve the nation with total dedication; living together in barracks, eating from the same kitchen, speaking the same language, and observing each other’s religious festivals. Secularism, discipline, integrity, loyalty, espirit-de-corps—these are essential values inculcated among our men.

Such motivated people not only make efficient and dedicated soldiers in service, but even after leaving the Services, continue as nation building role models for others. An important legacy of the Indian armed forces has been its totally apolitical outlook. As stated earlier, a soldier’s oath is to the Constitution of India and to the constitutionally elected central government. The ideology of the political parties or their hue and colour does not concern the armed forces. Our armed forces, unlike those of some neighbouring countries, have stuck to the concept of loyalty to the constitutionally elected government. They have, thus, contributed to the political stability of the nation and enabled it to develop its unique democratic political ambience.

Even in the insurgency-affected states of the nation, the Army has ensured an adequately secure atmosphere wherein India’s autonomous Election Commission can conduct free and fair elections. Even the Election Commission has asked the political parties, in a stronger and more comprehensive way, not to politicise the armed forces.

Consolidation of Nation State

The Indian armed forces have played an important role in national consolidation from the day India became independent. Few political leaders foresaw the mayhem that could result amongst the innocent people who had lived together for generations in the undivided India. The communal frenzy that was unleashed by the artificial boundaries of partition was at that time beyond the control of the police. In 1947, the police was insufficient: neither well trained, nor well equipped and suffering from the trauma of communal fighting. The armed forces, led by Indian as well as some British Service officers, had to control the furious rioting and enforce civil order. It is generally believed that the British left India with a bloodless legal transfer of power. But the birth of the nation state that we see today was not such a smooth affair. Hyderabad and Junagadh had to be coerced to integrate with India by what came to be known as police actions. In October 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) signed the Instrument of Accession to join India, the armed forces were swiftly inducted into Kashmir Valley and other parts of the state to thwart Pakistan’s design of capturing it by force. Later, the liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu carried forward the consolidation of our territorial frontiers.

Infrastructure Development And  Integration of Geographic Area and People

India is a vast country. Some of its people are living in remote border areas, far from the Indian heartland. The armed forces have played a significant role in integrating people of these areas and border states into the national mainstream. Many a times, a soldier was the first Indian to reach out to these areas and make the locals realise that they were Indians.

Deployment of the armed forces enabled governmental infrastructure to follow in the remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh (erstwhile North-Eastern Frontier Agency), Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, border areas of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and some parts of Jammu and Kashmir.

Till the late 1950s, the important Buddhist town of Tawang had very limited administrative links with India. The civil government representative was located many miles short, at Bomdi La. Even today, most Indians do not know where places like Mon, Moreh, Giagong, Chushul or Sumdo are located. The credit for initiating the feeling of nationalism in such areas goes to the armed forces.

The very establishment of a military station generates a certain amount of business and developmental activities in and around the station. This is how the government’s developmental infrastructure like roads, electricity and tele-communication could reach out to remote and undeveloped areas.

The armed forces have also improved the ecology of the areas wherever they are located. The greening of the cantonments and the forestation undertaken by the Ecology Territorial Army (TA) battalions in Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and some other states has set a healthy trend for others to follow.

What about integration of the people? As stated earlier, there is no better example of unity in diversity than the armed forces. Unaffected by divisive politics or casteist social activities, military stations have always been, and are, totally cosmopolitan: oases of national unity.

The Indian army is possibly the leading force for inclusive development. The road and track infrastructure in the remotest areas over inhospitable terrain, has ensured outreach and connectivity with Indian citizens who inhabit these far-flung parts of the country. Combined with this the army has always taken the lead in building and running schools, medical facilities and habitat enhancing infrastructure in distant border areas. Interestingly, it has also been playing a key role in ecological sustenance through the various territorial army units.

Security of the Nation State

The primary role of the armed forces is to defend the territorial integrity of the nation state against external and internal threats. Strong and well-trained armed forces are deterrence to our potential adversaries. If this is achieved, developmental activities and nation building can be progressed without external hindrance. This is central to the concept of national security and paramount for all nation building activities.

Territorial disputes with China and Pakistan require India’s armed forces to remain alert and deployed along disputed borders round the years. History is witness to the fact that whenever a nation has neglected its armed forces and their capacity, external powers have been quick to exploit it. In the 1950s, we overlooked this important lesson of history and allowed the security apparatus to drift till the Chinese shook us up in 1962. We had to relearn this lesson through an ignominious experience. Post 1962, we have had several skirmishes against the Chinese: at Nathu La in Sikkim in 1967, Wangdung in 1986 and Doklam in 2017. The outcomes have made it clear that the Indian armed forces are alert and determined to defend national territory. This has ensuredthat  the Chinese and our leaders pursue agreements for maintaining peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and several other confidence building measures to improve relations.

Pakistan attempted to annex part of India’s territories in major attacks in 1965, 1971 and 1999. In all these conflicts, it was effectively defeated. In 1984, the armed forces preempted the Pakistan Army’s effort to illegally occupy the Siachen Glacier. Its many other minor intrusions and skirmishes along the Line of Control (LOC) too have been effectively foiled.

Internal  Security

Nation building is hardly possible when we fight and kill each other, referring to internal security and stability. For example, the riots in Mumbai of 1992, when the economic capital of India came to a standstill. Communal and inter-caste riots, Naxalites, secessionist groups, militants and other anti-social elements, aided and abetted by foreign countries: internal security has always been a serious challenge to our national security. The demand or the need to use the armed forces, particularly the Army, for internal tasks which are primarily a police and Home Department domain, has been increasing year after year. At a higher level of violence, we have fought, and continue to fight, full-fledged insurgency and terrorism in many states. The armed forces have not allowed, nor shall allow, any attempt by any state, or even a section of the state, to secede from the Republic of India.

The positive impartiality of the Indian soldier in such situations— odd aberrations notwithstanding—is legendary. By and large, the Indian soldier is looked upon as a source of confidence amongst the people, not only in India but even abroad. During such operations, the military not only fights militants and anti-national elements but also reassures innocent people feeling insecure or neglected due to inadequate civil administration. Large-scale civic action programmes are undertaken by the military alongwith anti-terrorist operations. At such places the Army has formed an Army Development Group for this purpose.

Ensuring a Secure Environment

First and foremost, it is the secure environment provided by the army as a guarantor of national and territorial integrity that ensures the path to prosperity and development for the country as a whole. Today the dimensions of conflict are manifold and not restricted to the border areas alone. Once again, it is this organisation which is combating the scourge of violence and terrorism unleashed by secessionist elements, aided and abetted by adversarial powers. As a vital organ of the state it is the army, the ultimate arbiter of national safety and security which ensures a safe environment for internal progress and prosperity. Post COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian economy is set for a northward trajectory and the stress by the government is on inclusive development. All this is not feasible without an adequate assurance of a safe and secure nation and the armed forces represent this insurance policy.

Disaster Relief And Humanitarian Assistance

Another area where the army periodically occupies centre stage is humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. The Navy has played a stellar role in providing critical help on foreign shores and also evacuation of Indian citizens in distant lands during times of natural as well as human crisis. The Air Force is vital during such disasters due to its speed and reach with both rotary and fixed wing air efforts. However, it is the army with its pan-India presence, especially in the far-flung areas of our country, which is omnipresent during any disaster relief efforts. Ideally, the various organs of state and central governments should come into play before the resources of the army are tapped for such eventualities. But invariably it ends up being not only the most potent responder but also the first responder due to its ingrained capabilities, equipment and disciplined application. The  army’s network of field hospitals, its transportation assets, engineer plant equipment and reconnaissance and communication resources with its nationwide reach, has saved countless lives and provided succour to the people of India, during any natural calamity. The army and organisations like the NSG which are populated by army personnel on deputation have the core competencies in areas vital for crisis management and resolution. These include aspects such as hostage rescue, bomb disposal, search and rescue missions, heli-borne extraction and even rescue operations from blind wells.

The nation has always counted on the military in every disaster-affected situation. If it is not an earthquake in some state, it is floods somewhere or a cyclone in a coastal area. India has seen earthquakes, cyclones, landslides and heavy floods almost every year. Despite the raising of disaster management organisations and forces, the armed forces are acknowledged as the most dependable rescue and relief organisation in such circumstances. They are effectively the nation’s chief rescue and relief forces.

Image Abroad

The armed forces have also enhanced India’s image abroad. Our forces, in support of the foreign policy of the government, have projected military power in Sri Lanka and Maldives when requested by these neighbours. Since the mid-1950s, the armed forces have been deployed in a large number of UN peace-keeping missions all over the world. They have worked in Korea, Congo, Gaza, Cambodia, Angola, Somalia, Rwanda, Namibia, Sudan and many other countries and done the nation proud by their impartiality, efficiency and dedication. This aspect has received international recognition.

Boosting Domestic Manufacturing

The flavour of the season and the pointer to future economic prosperity is ‘Make in India’. Once again, it’s the Indian Armed Forces which is a major stakeholder in the success of the ‘Make in India’ pursuit. Being the largest single service, the matrix of numbers related to its equipment and wherewithal are of a very large dimension. Manufacture of military equipment not only gives a boost to the defence industry, it also builds up a dual use ecosystem of many smaller items and sub-items which in turn encourages entrepreneurship, generates employment and multiple other benefits. Success of ‘Make in India’ for defence equipment will lead to an enhancement of defence exports, accrue forex earnings and contribute significantly to the GDP. It also needs to be emphatically emphasised that rather than being a drain, the defence budget should be seen as an engine for economic growth.

Many significant products including 155mm Artillery Gun system ‘Dhanush’, Light Combat Aircraft ‘Tejas’, LCH Prachand, Surface to Air Missile system ‘Akash’, Main  Battle Tank ‘Arjun’, T-90 Tank, T-72 tank,  High mobility Trucks, INS Vikrant, INS Mormugao, INS Chennai, Medium Bullet Proof Vehicle (MBPV), Weapon Locating Radar (WLR), Lakshya Parachute for Pilotless Target Aircraft, etc. have been produced in the country during the last few years which are being used by the Indian Armed Forces.

Trained Manpower

Within the country the army has provided key support to the central armed police forces in terms of training, equipment and cross attachment of personnel for absorbing best practices. Outside its own organisation the army has been a great facilitator in human resource development. The training and interaction imparted by its personnel to the youth of India, through the medium of the National Cadet Corps, is a stellar example. In fact, the NCC is widely regarded as an arena of discipline, duty and patriotism and many young spirits vie to don its khaki uniform. The army is also a great reservoir of trained, skilled and disciplined manpower, readily available for lateral absorption in other government organisations as well as the private sector. In that sense development of human resource has always been a hallmark of the Indian army.

Agniveer Scheme will help address the issue of unemployment to a large extent. Definitely, the intake of the Agniveers will balance out that weightage and ensure that the forces are not deficient or depleted in our manpower at any stage.It will aslo provide trained manpower to the civil sector after four years of service to the Armed Forces. Agnipath scheme for recruitment into Army, Air Force and Navy will make the forces young and recruits who exit after their tenure will prove to be a nationalist, disciplined and skilled manpower to the society.

Contribution to tackle COVID 19 Pandemic

Transport aircraft of the Indian Air Force ferried much-needed oxygen and other medical supplies from donor nations. The Indian Navy carried medical supplies from the neighbourhood. The Air Force and Navy both evacuated Indians from abroad and got them back to India. The Indian Army created dedicated Covid-19 facilities for civilians, and military medical personnel and set up hospitals and helped civilians in far flung areas of J&K and the North Eastern states.  They helped the district administration set up a new oxygen plants and helped repair local oxygen manufacturing units that became non-operational. And also provided skilled and trained medical staff to assist the civil administration.

Confidence in Uniform

The nation expects the army to perform, whether in war, internal strife, disaster relief or any other contingency beyond other organs of governance and the army can proudly claim that it never ever fails on this count. In fact, it goes far beyond this and will always remain a key element in nation building. The Armed Forces is a great reservoir of trained, skilled and disciplined manpower, readily available. Development of Human Resource has always been a hallmark of the Indian Armed Forces.

A nation comprises not just its economic assets. A nation consists of its people, national character and core values, its culture, its unity, and its stature in the world community. We need to build India as a nation on the basis of a common ideology, high character and stable institutions so as to help create a strong and powerful nation which can improve the quality of its people. The Armed Forces of India have established and sustained their credibility through dedication, sacrifice, professional competence, operational effectiveness. Besides being defenders of the nation, they are the people’s Armed Forces, with recruitment from all parts of the country. The people of India, the most important element in our nation, have looked at them as secular, positive and impartial. The Armed Forces are proud of this achievement and image, and these will certainly be carried in spirit to the future too.

• Publication

Role of Military in Nation Building

Role of Military in Nation Building General Deepak Kapoor, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (Retd)@

Anation is akin to a living organism. In order to progress and prosper, it has to grow in a balanced manner with the right mix of resources allocated for its growth on one hand and security on the other. Growth without security would leave a nation exposed to threats from its competitors. Conversely, excessive emphasis on security is likely to limit resource availability for growth. Let us examine this issue in a little more detail.

                The rationale for existence of the military lies in the concept of a nation state. In a turbulent world such as ours, the need to grow in a stable and peaceful environment demands the necessity of a force which would ensure its national security against both internal and external challenges. Thus, almost all nations of the world have created their own militaries to perpetuate their existence. This has been the traditional justification for creation of militaries.

                We are also aware that while investment carried out in all other fields provides tangible benefits in terms of returns and growth, benefits of funds spent on creation and maintenance of military are intangible and cannot be quantified. This provides grist to protagonists of growth in a ‘guns versus butter’ debate specially in developing economies where resources are invariably scarce. As a result, most nations end up allocating less than what is desired for defence, thereby jeopardising national security in the long run.

    Thus, there is always a dilemma in deciding how much is enough as expenditure on a nation’s military. A related aspect is that the expenditure on military is in direct proportion to the resource creation capability of a nation. Thus, stronger economies like the US and China can and do spend much more on their militaries than most European economies which are constrained by resources. Conversely, the moment a nation spends excessively on military by neglecting other sectors of growth; it becomes vulnerable to a break up thus endangering its national security. We have the recent example of the Soviet Union which built up a massive military industrial complex at the expense of a balanced growth, resulting in its break up finally. Even Pakistan, whose expenditure on military has been disproportionately high for years, is close to becoming a failed state for sheer neglect of other sectors. North Korea, possessing a massive stockpile of weapons, is faring no better and has problems sustaining its existence.

                It needs to be appreciated that that the expenditure on military is an ongoing exercise. To postpone expenditure today in the expectation that it would be made up subsequently is a policy riddled with serious consequences. It leads to loss of opportunity costs and accumulation of a deficit which is never possible to be made up due to invariable scarcity of resources. Our typical tendency to react only when a crisis is upon us rather than taking timely steps to avert it has landed us in dire straits in the past and would continue to do so in the future unless we become alive to this reality. Development of defence infrastructure on either side of the long Sino-Indian border is a clear example of the effect of regular versus sporadic spending. On the Chinese side, the infrastructure that has been developed is excellent, enabling China to launch and sustain large scale operations in a rapid time frame. On the Indian side, we are still in the process of developing the infrastructure thus putting a major constraint on our military to respond effectively to any threats.

                From the foregoing, some facts emerge clearly. Firstly, in this era of nation states, no nation can do without having its own military to protect its core interests and its territorial integrity. Even those who consider it a non growth oriented and non remunerative white elephant have to possess it to perpetuate their existence. Leaving their security to others exposes them to a sense of vulnerability and an inherent disadvantage on the international stage which comes to the fore in times of a crisis. The Japanese apprehension over the Chinese claim on Senkaku islands controlled by Japan is a clear example. Secondly, a delicate balance has to be maintained by every nation between resources it allocates to its military as compared to other sectors. A substantial shift in favour of either can be disastrous for a nation in the long run. Thirdly, in order to keep the military modern, ready and relevant, expenditure on the military has to be on a continuing and ongoing basis.

                In case of India, let us look at how the military has helped in nation building since the time of its Independence. The British followed the path of least resistance by leaving the status of 600 odd princely states within the union ambiguous and unsettled while announcing India’s Independence. It required the vision of Sardar Patel and the backing of the Indian military to persuade, cajole, threaten and where necessary, use military force to make these states accede to the Indian Union and turn the country into one cohesive whole. Once again it was the military on which the nation relied to bring in a semblance of order in the mayhem and massacres of hundreds of thousands that took place during mass scale migration of people in Punjab and Bengal post the announcement of the Radcliffe award on partition of the country.

                The invasion of J&K by Pakistan aided, abetted and supported by razakars in 1947-48 was thwarted by the Indian military despite a last minute entry when the attackers were knocking at the gates of Srinagar. Similar attempts by Pakistan in 1965, 1971 and 1999 met with the same fate, thanks to the heroic efforts of the Indian military. In fact, ignominious dismemberment of Pakistan and surrender of 90,000-93,000 Pakistani officers and men in 1971 added a glorious chapter to the history of the Indian military and gave the Country something to be proud of. All these victories have been achieved by the military in service of the Nation through supreme sacrifices and at a tremendous cost to life and material itself.

                Even against China, while the debacle of 1962 rankles, a realistic appraisal would reveal that reasons for the setback lay in unrealistic policies, poor higher defence management, inability to appreciate their military’s capabilities and intentions by the political leadership and an incompetent military leadership. The valour and heroism of troops on the frontline despite adverse conditions, in service of the Nation, was exemplary. That many made the supreme sacrifice is a testimony to their devotion to duty for the country.

                Insurgencies in different parts of the Country have been a regular feature since the time we became Independent in 1947. Separatism, communalism, sectarianism, naxalism and Left Wing Extremism have been raising their ugly heads from time to time, striking at the roots of the very unity of the Country. Externally abetted proxy wars like the current one in J&K are a constant attempt to undermine the integrity of the Country. Despite heavy odds, it is the Indian military which has kept the concept of One India alive. In tackling these insurgencies and fighting proxy wars, it has suffered more casualties than it did during the entire Second World War. In fact, the Indian state has always used the military as an instrument of last resort when all other means have failed. It is to the credit of the military that it has invariably delivered in all difficult situations. Our countrymen recognise this contribution and therefore have tremendous respect and admiration for the military.

                The strong point of the military is its disciplined and organised methodology of problem solving. During training, aspects like prior planning, physical fitness, team work, nation building and devotion to duty are emphasised to bring out the best in every individual in achieving the laid down objectives. This well trained manpower has been a major asset of the military. While its worth in times of a war is amply clear, it provides an equally important resource in times of peace for nation building. This resource has excelled in every field it has entered into, because of the ethos and culture of organised hard work that it has developed while being trained in the military. Thus, today it is not uncommon to find former military personnel not only managing security organisations but also occupying pivotal positions in all other fields of corporate management, both in the public and private sector. With more than 50000 retiring personnel joining the national mainstream every year at a relatively young age of around 40 years, this resource if properly harnessed, can make a significant contribution to nation building.

                In the past, it has not been uncommon to find the Country coming to a stop due to a strike in some vital sector of the economy or the other. Trade unions in the railways, oil sector, transportation sector etc. have held the Nation hostage bringing the economy to a grinding halt. In all such emergencies, it is the military with its limited resources which has come forward to run the essential services and keep the wheels of economy moving.

                As a nation grows, there is a corresponding increase in its stature and the influence it wields in regional and global affairs. But to sustain such a situation, a nation has to have a military which can not only protect and safeguard its interests but also further them in the long term. Today, India is in this typical situation where military has a positive role to play in projecting it on to the world stage. We are being wooed by both the US and its allies and China with both sides trying to align us with themselves. In such a situation, military diplomacy, which is an extension of diplomacy by other means, has a crucial role in furthering our national interests. Carrying out joint military training with important players in the arena sends out signals which are most keenly watched and interpreted by the others. While we are keen to stay non aligned and preserve our autonomous decision making capability, it should not stop us from assuming the mantle of leadership in protecting common regional interests. Drug trafficking, piracy, protection of global commons and disaster relief are areas wherein the smaller nations of the region are hoping that India will take the lead. In fact, they are surprised as to why India has not done so till now. As and when it decides to take on the responsibility, the military will have a decisive role to play in furthering national policies and interests.

                Our contribution to UN peacekeeping operations has enhanced our image in the eyes of the world. In all the peacekeeping missions across the globe, our military has acquitted itself admirably, resulting in greater demand for Indian troops wherever trouble has erupted lately and the UN decides to send its troops. Indian forces are seen as firm, fair, just and balanced in their approach, thus enhancing the image of the Country. In fact, our praiseworthy contribution to peacekeeping operations has strengthened our case for a permanent seat in the Security Council.

                Likewise, our active stance on piracy on high seas and our deployment of the military in Arabian Sea to check the same has earned us the admiration of many a smaller nations. In the process, it has also enabled us to protect our vital oil supplies from the Gulf region, which in turn keeps the engine of economic growth moving.

                If India is to occupy its rightful place in the comity of the nations, it has to achieve all round growth in all sectors. Balance has also to be maintained between growth and security. Optimum growth is only possible when both external and internal challenges to stability are taken care of. This underlines the importance of a ready, modern and relevant military. A robust military is an asset not only in the field of security but other areas of nation building as well. Its disciplined and methodical approach to crisis resolution is admired by the countrymen, who tend to fall back on the military as an instrument of last resort. The culture and ethos of a secular, apolitical and efficient military devoted to the unity and integrity of the country acts as a shining example to all others, bedevilled by communalism, corruption and poor governance. The military is successfully able to project and protect a country’s image far beyond its borders thus contributing effectively to nation building.

@General Deepak Kapoor, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (Retd) was commissioned in the Regiment of Artillery on 11 Jun 1967. He was Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from Oct 2007-mar 2010.

Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Vol. CXLIV, No. 597, July-September 2014.

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• In This Issue

Indian Army in Nation Building

The secure environment provided by the Army, ensuring the path to prosperity and development for the country as a whole, is only a part of the larger and ubiquitous role played by the Indian Army in nation building

The Indian Army is a much respected and loved organisation. War anniversaries bring it into focus for the citizenry and any perfidy by inimical neighbours on the borders suddenly energises a nationwide interest in this very fine organisation. Beyond that, its role and understanding remains hazy or unknown. In fact, there are often critical voices raised about the drain of the defence budget on the national exchequer. There is a definite need for an understanding of the larger and ubiquitous role played by the army in nation building.

Ensuring a Secure Environment

First and foremost, it is the secure environment provided by the army as a guarantor of national and territorial integrity that ensures the path to prosperity and development for the country as a whole. Today the dimensions of conflict are manifold and not restricted to the border areas alone. Once again, it is this organisation which is combating the scourge of violence and terrorism unleashed by secessionist elements, aided and abetted by adversarial powers. As a vital organ of the state it is the army, the ultimate arbiter of national safety and security which ensures a safe environment for internal progress and prosperity. Post COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian economy is set for a northward trajectory and the stress by the government is on inclusive development. All this is not feasible without an adequate assurance of a safe and secure nation and the armed forces represent this insurance policy.

The Army is a great reservoir of trained, skilled and disciplined manpower, readily available. Development of Human Resource has always been a hallmark of the Indian Army.

Humanitarian Assistance

Another area where the army periodically occupies centre stage is humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. The Navy has played a stellar role in providing critical help on foreign shores and also evacuation of Indian citizens in distant lands during times of natural as well as human crisis. The Air Force is vital during such disasters due to its speed and reach with both rotary and fixed wing air efforts. However, it is the army with its pan-India presence, especially in the far-flung areas of our country, which is omnipresent during any disaster relief efforts. Ideally, the various organs of state and central governments should come into play before the resources of the army are tapped for such eventualities. But invariably it ends up being not only the most potent responder but also the first responder due to its ingrained capabilities, equipment and disciplined application. In recent years, the National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF) has been playing a pivotal role during natural calamities but it is still not large enough to cater for the continental dimensions of India. Therefore, behind the bright orange overalls the army camouflage uniforms are clearly visible in large numbers during any relief operations. The army’s network of field hospitals, its transportation assets, engineer plant equipment and reconnaissance and communication resources with its nationwide reach, has saved countless lives and provided succour to the people of India, during any natural calamity. The army and organisations like the NSG which are populated by army personnel on deputation have the core competencies in areas vital for crisis management and resolution. These include aspects such as hostage rescue, bomb disposal, search and rescue missions, heli-borne extraction and even rescue operations from blind wells.

Infrastructure Development

The Indian army is possibly the leading force for inclusive development. The road and track infrastructure in the remotest areas over inhospitable terrain, has ensured outreach and connectivity with Indian citizens who inhabit these far-flung parts of the country. Combined with this the army has always taken the lead in building and running schools, medical facilities and habitat enhancing infrastructure in distant border areas. Interestingly, it has also been playing a key role in ecological sustenance through the various territorial army units.

Boosting Domestic Manufacturing

The flavour of the season and the pointer to future economic prosperity is ‘Make in India’. Once again, it’s the Indian army which is a major stakeholder in the success of the ‘Make in India’ pursuit. Being the largest single service, the matrix of numbers related to its equipment and wherewithal are of a very large dimension. Manufacture of military equipment not only gives a boost to the defence industry, it also builds up a dual use ecosystem of many smaller items and sub-items which in turn encourages entrepreneurship, generates employment and multiple other benefits. Success of ‘Make in India’ for defence equipment will lead to an enhancement of defence exports, accrue forex earnings and contribute significantly to the GDP. It also needs to be emphatically emphasised that rather than being a drain, the defence budget should be seen as an engine for economic growth.

Foreign Missions

In the international arena military diplomacy in its various forms is a key element in engaging with other nations. The army has adequately leveraged its capacity of putting boots on ground by being the largest contributor to worldwide UN missions. It also provides invaluable support in terms of capacity building and capability development to various friendly foreign armies. Its training institutions have a sizeable presence of officers from such nations.

Trained Manpower

Within the country the army has provided key support to the central armed police forces in terms of training, equipment and crossattachment of personnel for absorbing best practices. Outside its own organisation the army has been a great facilitator in human resource development. The training and interaction imparted by its personnel to the youth of India, through the medium of the National Cadet Corps, is a stellar example. In fact, the NCC is widely regarded as an arena of discipline, duty and patriotism and many young spirits vie to don its khaki uniform. The army is also a great reservoir of trained, skilled and disciplined manpower, readily available for lateral absorption in other government organisations as well as the private sector. In that sense development of human resource has always been a hallmark of the Indian army.

Confidence in Uniform

The nation expects the army to perform, whether in war, internal strife, disaster relief or any other contingency beyond other organs of governance and the army can proudly claim that it never ever fails on this count. In fact, it goes far beyond this and will always remain a key element in nation building.

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The Role of Military in Nation-Building: An Overview of Impact

• April 3, 2024
• Military History

Nation-building represents a complex and multifaceted process, essential for establishing stability and governance in post-conflict societies. The role of military in nation-building is increasingly recognized as pivotal in shaping the political, social, and economic landscape during such transformative periods.

Throughout history, militaries have served not only as defenders of national sovereignty but also as vital agents of rebuilding infrastructure and fostering unity amidst fragmentation. Their involvement often extends beyond traditional defense roles to include crucial contributions to humanitarian efforts and national identity formation.

Examining the intricate dynamics between military involvement and nation-building reveals a tapestry of historical examples, challenges, and evolving perceptions. This exploration underscores the significance of military institutions in nurturing resilience and fostering cohesion within diverse populations.

Table of Contents

Defining Nation-Building

Nation-building refers to a multifaceted process aimed at constructing or structuring a national identity, governing frameworks, and socio-political stability within a given territory. This endeavor is often essential following periods of conflict or significant upheaval, as it seeks to foster unity and cohesion among diverse populations.

The role of military in nation-building emerges as crucial during post-conflict reconstruction. Militaries frequently engage in establishing order, rebuilding infrastructure, and providing security, which are foundational for creating a stable environment necessary for nation-building.

Furthermore, the military often acts as a unifying force, bridging divides between different ethnic and regional groups. Through organized efforts and shared experiences, armed forces can promote a collective national identity, essential for fostering cooperation and resilience among citizens.

In summary, defining nation-building captures a dynamic interplay of institutional, social, and cultural elements, with military involvement proving indispensable in the reconstruction and stabilization phases of newly formed or recovering nation-states.

Military’s Role in Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Post-conflict reconstruction entails restoring and rehabilitating a nation after conflict, ensuring stability and fostering sustainable development. The military’s role in this context is multifaceted, involving security provision, infrastructure rebuilding, and facilitating political processes.

Primarily, military forces can establish a secure environment necessary for other actors to operate. This involves disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs aimed at ex-combatants, which mitigate the risk of renewed violence.

Additionally, military personnel often assist in rebuilding critical infrastructure such as roads, schools, and hospitals. Their logistical capabilities and organizational skills streamline efforts to restore essential services that are vital for societal recovery.

The military also plays a pivotal role in facilitating political dialogue among various factions and safeguarding democratic processes. By creating an atmosphere of trust and stability, the military contributes significantly to the entrenched peace necessary for effective nation-building.

Military as a Force for National Unity

The military serves as an influential force for national unity, particularly in societies marked by division or conflict. Its role transcends defense; it actively participates in fostering cohesion among diverse demographic groups. Through various initiatives, the military can help bridge ethnic and regional divides, promoting a shared sense of purpose and belonging among citizens.

By conducting community engagement programs and joint exercises, the military mitigates tensions and cultivates mutual respect among different communities. This interaction encourages individuals from various backgrounds to collaborate on common goals, thereby strengthening the fabric of the nation. A united military presence can also deter divisiveness, ensuring that all citizens feel represented and protected.

In fostering a sense of national identity, the military plays a pivotal role in instilling pride and loyalty toward the nation. National service programs and public ceremonies celebrating military achievements can foster unity and pride, fostering a collective identity that transcends regional or ethnic affiliations. This sense of belonging is crucial for overall national stability.

Ultimately, the military contributes significantly to nation-building by acting as a stabilizing force that encourages unity and social cohesion. By bridging divides and fostering a collective identity, the military enhances its role as a cornerstone of national unity within the nation-building framework.

Bridging ethnic and regional divides

The military plays a significant role in bridging ethnic and regional divides during the nation-building process. By engaging diverse groups, military forces can promote social cohesion and contribute to a unified national identity. This engagement is often crucial in areas with a legacy of ethnic tension or regional disparity.

Through inclusive recruitment and deployment practices, the military can foster relationships across different communities. These efforts can alleviate fears and misconceptions that often exist between groups, promoting understanding and cooperation. Interactions among soldiers from various backgrounds help create a sense of camaraderie and shared purpose, which is essential for national unity.

Moreover, military initiatives often involve participation in community projects that cater to various ethnic groups. This involvement not only improves infrastructure but also fosters interactions between different regional populations. By serving common goals, military forces can dismantle barriers that separate ethnic and regional communities, ultimately supporting the overarching aim of nation-building.

Such involvement reflects the role of military in nation-building as a mediator, highlighting its ability to transform potential sources of conflict into opportunities for collaboration.

Fostering a sense of national identity

The military plays a pivotal role in fostering a sense of national identity, particularly in post-conflict settings. Through its various functions and initiatives, the military helps unify diverse populations under a shared national narrative, significantly contributing to nation-building efforts.

One effective method utilized by the military is the promotion of national symbols and collective memories, which resonate with different ethnic or regional groups. By participating in national celebrations, memorials, and public commemorations, military institutions can create a sense of shared heritage and collective purpose among citizens.

Additionally, military service often serves as a microcosm of society where individuals from various backgrounds come together, facilitating social cohesion. This interaction fosters mutual respect and understanding, helping to bridge cultural divides and promoting inclusivity and tolerance within the nation.

Moreover, through educational programs and community outreach, the military can instill values such as patriotism, civic responsibility, and duty to the state. Such initiatives are fundamental in nurturing a robust national identity, ultimately ensuring that citizens view themselves as integral components of a united nation.

Military Involvement in Humanitarian Efforts

Military involvement in humanitarian efforts significantly contributes to nation-building by addressing immediate humanitarian crises while promoting long-term stability. Armed forces often provide essential relief during natural disasters, conflict, and in the wake of humanitarian emergencies. These operations not only save lives but also help maintain order and security in turbulent environments.

The role of military personnel in disaster response frequently includes logistics, transportation of aid, and medical support. For example, during the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, U.S. military forces facilitated the delivery of healthcare and supplies, which was critical in a situation where civilian infrastructure was severely compromised. This proactive engagement allowed for a more organized recovery process.

Additionally, the military’s capacity to implement humanitarian assistance programs can foster partnerships with civilian organizations. By collaborating with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies, military forces enhance resource distribution and address complex challenges in post-conflict zones. These collaborative efforts support societal rebuilding and mitigate the risks of future instability.

Finally, engaging the military in humanitarian efforts serves to strengthen community trust in government institutions. As military forces visibly assist affected populations, they foster a sense of security and support the rebuilding of social cohesion, essential components of effective nation-building in fragile states.

Defense and Economic Development

The relationship between defense and economic development is intrinsically linked within the broader context of nation-building. A robust military infrastructure not only ensures national security but also creates a stable environment conducive to economic growth. This stability attracts foreign investment, fosters trade, and stimulates domestic enterprise.

Military forces can actively contribute to economic development through various means. By engaging in public works projects, the military can facilitate infrastructure improvements, such as building roads, bridges, and schools. These initiatives not only enhance national security but also provide essential services that underpin economic activity.

Moreover, military spending can stimulate local economies through job creation and technological advancements. Procurement processes often involve partnerships with civilian industries, leading to innovation and economic diversification. This synergy between defense and economic development underscores the multifaceted role of the military in nation-building.

Ultimately, the role of military in nation-building is not confined to security alone; it encompasses the strategic interplay between defense capabilities and economic prosperity, fostering resilience and growth in post-conflict environments.

The Role of Military in Education and Training

The military plays a significant role in education and training, particularly during nation-building processes. It contributes to the creation of professional military education systems that enhance operational capabilities while fostering a spirit of service to the nation.

Training programs implemented by military organizations often extend beyond combat skills. These initiatives encompass leadership, technical training, and civic education, promoting values such as discipline and teamwork. By integrating these components, the military cultivates a sense of responsibility and national identity among service members.

Additionally, military-led educational efforts can include community outreach initiatives. Such programs aim to improve literacy rates, vocational training, and health education in underserved regions. This engagement not only helps establish trust within communities but also reinforces the military’s role as a stabilizing force in post-conflict environments.

In summary, the military’s involvement in education and training significantly influences nation-building. It equips both the military and civil society with the necessary skills and knowledge, fostering an environment conducive to national development and stability.

Historical Examples of Military in Nation-Building

The role of military in nation-building can be illustrated through significant historical examples where armed forces played transformative roles in shaping nations. Notable instances include the post-World War II reconstruction efforts in Germany and Japan, where military leadership was instrumental in establishing democratic governance and rebuilding infrastructure.

In Germany, the Allied occupation facilitated political reforms and economic revitalization. The military managed to ensure stability and security while enabling democratic processes. This dual focus helped integrate both regions, promoting unity and economic progress.

Similarly, in Japan, the U.S. military occupation led to sweeping reforms in governance, land redistribution, and industry, which spurred economic growth. The military’s active involvement in creating a constitution fostered a new national identity.

Other notable examples include post-conflict scenarios in Afghanistan and Kosovo, where military resources supported humanitarian efforts and infrastructure development. These historical contexts underscore the multifaceted role of military forces in nation-building initiatives, shaping national identity and contributing to lasting stability.

The Relationship Between Military and Civil Society

The relationship between military and civil society encompasses a complex interplay that can significantly influence nation-building efforts. A cooperative dynamic fosters stability, encouraging collaboration in reconstructing war-torn societies. This interaction often serves to bridge gaps between military objectives and civilian needs.

Military involvement in civil society enhances trust and legitimacy, as it demonstrates a commitment to national wellbeing. When the armed forces engage in community development, they reinforce social cohesion, vital for nurturing a unified identity post-conflict. Such actions can reduce the alienation often felt by civilian populations.

However, tensions can emerge when military objectives appear to overshadow civil rights and liberties. Civil society’s vigilance is essential in ensuring military actions align with democratic processes. Balancing these interests is crucial for the sustainable integration of military efforts into civilian life, ultimately strengthening the nation-building process.

Thus, understanding the nuanced relationship between military and civil society is vital to grasping the role of military in nation-building. Effective collaboration can enhance both security and civilian support, creating a resilient socio-political environment.

Challenges Faced by Military in Nation-Building

The integration of military forces into nation-building efforts presents numerous challenges that can hinder progress. One significant obstacle is the potential perception of the military as an oppressive force rather than a unifying entity. This can lead to public distrust and resistance against military initiatives.

Additionally, the military often lacks expertise in governance and civil administration. Their primary focus on security may overshadow the need for effective political strategies, resulting in incomplete or misguided reforms essential for successful nation-building.

Ethnic and regional tensions can complicate military involvement, especially in diverse societies. The military’s actions may inadvertently favor one group over another, exacerbating conflicts and undermining unity, thus impeding the broader objectives of nation-building.

Finally, the transition from a military-led authority to stable civilian governance is fraught with difficulties. Ensuring sustainable political frameworks and fostering civil society engagement requires skillful management beyond the military’s traditional domain, highlighting the complex nature of the military’s role in nation-building.

Future Perspectives on Military’s Role in Nation-Building

As nations evolve and face ever-changing socio-political landscapes, the role of military in nation-building is likely to adapt accordingly. Future military engagements will necessitate an emphasis on collaborative approaches, integrating military efforts with civilian agencies and international organizations to foster sustainable development.

The increasing complexity of modern conflicts demands that the military not only focuses on security but also on providing comprehensive support for governance and infrastructure. This holistic approach will enhance the military’s effectiveness in nation-building by addressing root causes of instability and fostering resilience among communities.

Technological advancements will further shape the military’s role; enhanced communication systems and artificial intelligence can aid in intelligence gathering and decision-making processes during nation-building efforts. As militaries worldwide modernize, they will need to adapt strategies that account for local cultures and socioeconomic conditions.

Public perception and civil-military relations will also play vital roles. Engaging local populations in planning and implementation is crucial to ensure that military-led initiatives resonate with national priorities, ultimately strengthening the concept of the military as a key player in nation-building.

Evaluating Success in Military-led Nation-Building Initiatives

Successfully evaluating military-led nation-building initiatives requires a comprehensive approach that considers various metrics and outcomes. This assessment often encompasses political stability, economic growth, and the reintegration of former combatants into society. A multi-dimensional analysis allows for a clearer understanding of the military’s effectiveness in fostering sustainable development.

One commonly used metric involves measuring governance improvements, such as the establishment of democratic institutions and the rule of law. These factors are integral to evaluating the success of military interventions, as they directly correlate with the overall stability and unity within a nation.

Case studies, such as U.S. engagements in post-war Germany and Japan, provide valuable insights into the resulting societal transformations. Both nations experienced significant political and economic resilience, attributed in part to the military’s role in nation-building efforts.

Analyzing socio-economic indicators, such as education levels and healthcare access, further illustrates the military’s influence on long-term societal well-being. These factors collectively help to determine the true impact of military-led nation-building initiatives on a nation’s trajectory.

Metrics for measuring effectiveness

Evaluating the success of military-led nation-building initiatives necessitates the establishment of clear metrics. These metrics gauge the effectiveness of military involvement in fostering stability and development within a post-conflict environment.

Key metrics can include:

• Political Stability : The degree to which civilian governments are established and maintained.
• Economic Growth : Assessment of GDP growth rates and overall economic health post-intervention.
• Security Conditions : The reduction in violence and crime statistics in previously unstable regions.
• Social Cohesion : Levels of community trust and cooperation between various ethnic and social groups.

In addition to quantitative assessments, qualitative measures are important. Gathering feedback from local populations about their perceptions of security and governance reveals the military’s success in nation-building. Tracking educational outcomes can also highlight improvements due to military-supported initiatives in training and education, aligning with their role in nation-building.

These comprehensive metrics provide a framework for analyzing the role of military in nation-building, allowing for more informed evaluations of their contributions to sustainable peace and development.

Case studies of successful interventions

Successful interventions by the military in nation-building have historically showcased their potential to foster stability and growth in post-conflict scenarios. Prominent examples include the U.S. involvement in Japan and Germany post-World War II, which significantly shaped both nations’ development.

In Japan, the U.S. military led extensive reforms, revitalizing the economy and restructuring political institutions. Key achievements included the establishment of democratic governance and the promotion of industrial growth, paving the way for Japan’s emergence as a global economic powerhouse.

Similarly, in Germany, the Marshall Plan, supported by U.S. military presence, facilitated economic recovery. The military’s role extended beyond mere security; it helped to unite divided regions while reinforcing a collective national identity through various civic initiatives.

Other notable examples include NATO’s involvement in Kosovo and the U.N. missions in Sierra Leone, where military forces contributed to restoring peace and rebuilding societal infrastructure. These case studies illustrate the multifaceted role of the military in effective nation-building initiatives, affirming their significance in establishing long-term stability.

The Evolving Concept of Military in Nation-Building

The concept of military involvement in nation-building has evolved significantly over the decades. Initially viewed primarily through a lens of defense and security, the military’s role has broadened to encompass various aspects of nation-building, including governance, economic development, and social stability.

This evolution reflects changing societal needs and international perspectives, emphasizing a more holistic approach. Today, the military is often expected to not only protect the state but also to actively participate in diplomatic efforts, humanitarian initiatives, and infrastructure projects that foster national unity and resilience.

Modern military strategies recognize the importance of collaboration with civil society, NGOs, and international organizations. This collaborative framework is crucial in ensuring that military-led nation-building initiatives are contextually relevant and sustainable, ultimately leading to long-term stability.

As nations grapple with complex challenges, the military’s role continues to adapt. Understanding the evolving concept of military in nation-building is essential for both policymakers and practitioners engaged in international peacekeeping and reconstruction efforts.

The role of military in nation-building is a complex yet vital aspect of military history. As demonstrated throughout this article, military forces contribute significantly to the stability and development of nations, particularly in post-conflict environments.

By engaging in humanitarian efforts, fostering national unity, and supporting education and economic development, the military proves to be an instrumental pillar in shaping cohesive and resilient societies. Understanding this multifaceted involvement is essential for evaluating future military-led nation-building initiatives.