unit 8 assignment 1 musculoskeletal system

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Level 3 BTEC Applied Science Unit 8: Physiology of Human Body Systems Part A:The Musculoskeletal System.

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Presentation on theme: "Level 3 BTEC Applied Science Unit 8: Physiology of Human Body Systems Part A:The Musculoskeletal System."— Presentation transcript:

OBHS Physical Education

Structure and Function on the Skeletal System.

Function of the skeletal system

The Structure and Function of the Skeletal System

Mr. Gerlach’s 7th Grade Health Education

Structure of the Skeletal System.

Skeletal System.

GCSE Physical Education

Musculoskeletal System

SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS

Award Levels Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits)

Please write Mr. V’s Website on the front cover of your book.

Mrs. Schenfield 8th Grade Life Science

The Skeletal System Chapter 5. Long-Bone Structure Compact bone Spongy bone Central cavity contains yellow marrow.

SKELETAL SYSTEM Assignment #10. Cranium Mandible Sternum Rib Vertebral Column Pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals.

SKELETAL SYSTEM review

The Skeletal System.

Objectives – What you will need to know from this section  Describe the structure & function of the musculoskeletal system.  Name components of axial.

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The Skeleton:

The human body is composed of 206 bones. This is what creates our structure and allows movement such as contraction relaxation. Flexion and Extension.

COURSEWORK-

Musculoskeletal System

Function of each part:

The Supporting Framework:

There are around 600 muscles in the body which provide a variety of different functions. These bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to tendons. The three types of different muscles used in movement are: The Skeletal voluntary muscle. These muscles are under conscious control which means they are responsible for the movement of body parts and locomotion; The Smooth involuntary muscle. Unlike skeletal muscles these muscles work without conscious control. This is the weakest type of muscle but has an essential role in moving food along the digestive tract and maintain blood circulation. The last involuntary muscle is the cardiac muscle. It is located in the heart where it performs coordinated contractions allowing your heart to pump blood around your body.

Leverage plays an important role in the skeletal system as no action would occur without it. A lever is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point called a fulcrum (where forced is applied). In the human body the joints act as fulcrums and bones act as levers. The muscle contraction provides the effort applied at the muscles insertion on the bone. This applied force is used to move resistance in the human body. In this case the “load” that is needed to be moved by the leavers is the bones and the overlying tissues.

Blood Cell Production:

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced in bone marrow, the soft fatty tissue inside bone cavities. Red blood cells are especially important in aerobic activity as they carry oxygen to working muscles due to the haemoglobin within the cells. This reduces the amount of lactic acid produced which means there will be a good supply of oxygen to convert glucose to energy. The white blood cells fight off infections by binding to the pathogens and engulfing them as the white blood cells membrane surrounds the pathogen and the enzymes within the cell begin to break it down so it can be destroyed. Platelets are colourless blood cells that help blood clot. They stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.

Ligaments and Tendons:

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues which connect two bones together particularly in the joints. Like strong, firmly attached ropes, they stabilise the joint and hold ends of bones together. This ensures bones in the joint don’t twist too much or move too far apart becoming dislocated (preventing hyperextension and hyper flexion)

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues which attach the muscles to bones. The dense band of connective tissue connects muscles to bones. They transmit the force which the muscle exerts is bound together in tight sheets so that when a muscle contracts, tension is the tendons pulling against the bone causing movements.

6 Major Types of Joints:

• The Pivot Joint:

2 Hinge Joint:

The Pivot joint allows for rotational movement around an axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. The joint between the atlas and axis which are located directly under the skull allows for movement of the head. The main muscles involved in head movement are the sternocleidomastoid muscles (flex and rotate) which is a neck muscle associated with anterolateral

muscle. The cylindrical bone fits into the ring bone

and ligament and the radius bone fits into the ulna bone creating a pivot joint. They are held into place by ligaments such as the anular.

Allows for a swinging motion, where bones can either flex towards one another or extend apart. The slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone. One bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. They function by allowing flexion and extension in one plane with small degrees of motion in other planes. The Ankle joint forms between the tibia and fibula. There are four accessory ligaments including the deltoid ligament which holds and reinforces the joint to withstand stress of supporting the body. The elbow joint forms between the humorous, ulna and radius. The ulna and radius collateral ligaments help to hold and reinforce the joint. Biceps and triceps are examples of antagonist muscles as when one relaxes

• Gliding Joints

They are formed between bones that meet at flat articular surfaces allowing bones to glide past each other in any direction along the plan of the joint – up, down, left, right and diagonally. Its located in the appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton (throughout neck and trunk to improve flexibility). A gliding joint can be located between the fibula and tibia and also the joints of your carpal and your tarsal bones in your foot which are associated with the

Consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone. This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down. These joints form where the head of one or more bones fits in an elliptical cavity of another. They are biaxial joints which means they allow for plates of movement. It doesn’t allow for axial rotation but it allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction. The extensor carpi radialis longus aids the extensor carpi radialis brevi muscles to extend and abduct the wrist. The knuckle

A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow decreases the angle between the ulna and humerus. When the knee flexes the angle between the femur and tibia, it becomes smaller.

This type of movement reduces the angle between two body parts. For example, flexion at the elbow decreases the angle between the ulna and humerus.

Musculoskeletal disorders

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

This is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing swelling in affected parts of the body. Inflammation is normally an important tool in the immune system. It occurs when the body sends extra blood and fluid to an area to fight an infection

Extra fluid in a joint and inflation can cause issues such as:

 Making joint movement difficult and painful.  Chemicals in the fluid can damage the bone and joint.  The extra fluid can stretch the joint capsule which means it won’t return to its original position  Chemicals in the fluid can irritate nerve endings, which can be painful.

It can also cause permanent damage. Symptoms to identify rheumatoid arteritis are:

 Swollen and tender joints  Swelling and stiffness in joints in the morning that may last for several hours  Severe tiredness  Feeling fatigue

There are drugs that can slow down rheumatoid arthritis therefore reducing the pain and swelling in joints. These are called DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) which reduce the activity of your overactive immune system. An example of this is Hydroxychloroquine sulphate.

Another form of treatment is the acupuncture laser pen. Your health depends on the flow qi(energy) in your body. The energy travels along invisible pathways, known as meridians. The qi is believed to help keep your body in balance and promote its natural ability to heal itself. It helps restart the flow by stimulating points.

Another form of treatment is surgery. A major surgery could be joint replacements. Patients who elect to have this surgery means their damaged joint is replaced by a synthetic one. This helps the patient move without the pain or swelling giving them a better lifestyle.

Instead of surgery physiotherapy can be used to increase muscle strength and alleviate pain. This allows the patient to avoid surgery and enable them become stronger.

Osteoporosis:

Occurs when bones loose minerals quicker than the body can replace them In this disease the bones in our body lose too much bone or too little bone or even both. This is the affected part from osteoporosis. The disease affects the movement of the bones as they become delicate and may break from fall, sneezing or minor bumps decreasing mobility because their bones are susceptible to fracture. This mostly happens in the hips, spines and wrists. Treatment: SERN (Selective Estragon Receptor Modulators) this is a type of raloxifene and helps maintain bone density and reduces risk fracture. Bisphosphonates slows down the rate of the breakdown of the bones. These acids include, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic, zoledronic. Calcium and Vitamin D supplements. The vitamin D absorbs the calcium and this aids the bones strength. Eating food which contains vitamins and calcium. HRT (Hormone replace therapy) helps keeps bones strong and reduces the breakage of them during treatment. Testerone treatment when osteoporosis is caused by low levels of male sex hormones.

Eating right to promote bone strength e. consuming nutrients

Treatment also focuses on providing the injured bone with the best circumstances for optimum healing. For the natural healing process to begin, the ends of the broken bone need to be lined up. This is known as reducing the fracture. The patient is usually asleep under a general anaesthetic when fracture reduction is done. Fracture reduction may be done by closed reduction (pulling the bone fragments), or surgery.

This disease causes pain and tenderness making it difficult to move the affected joint. You are most likely to develop it in your shoulder, knee, elbow, heel, or wrist. An example of this would be if the distal bicep tendon swells. If this occurs the elbow joint wouldn’t function accordingly as this tendon is attached to the radius bone affecting the movement.

The most common cause of tendinitis is repetitive action. Tendons help you make a certain movement over and over. If you are frequently repeating the same motion the risk of developing this disease increases if you perform the motion incorrectly. This causes everyday movement to become painful and difficult.

Treatment options for tendinitis include:

Resting the tendon

Applying heat or ice to affected area

Taking medications to reduce inflammation and pain

Wrapping the area in a compression bandage until the swelling reduces

Doing stretches and exercises to build strength and improve mobility in

Use a NSAID cream to ease pain

A healthy diet full of fruit and vegetables can help relieve muscle pain and

If the disease is severe other treatments may include:

Supports such as splints, braces, or a cane to able movement

Surgery to remove inflammatory tissue

Physical therapy to help reduce stiffness

Corticosteroid injections are anti-inflammatory steroids.

All disorders have multiple treatment options. The patient condition and health is taken into account before providing effective treatment. Some treatment may result in surgery whilst others will be tailored depending on their condition and disorder. A similarity between the disorders is a healthy lifestyle. The intake of food contributes to how sever the disorder is or the pain which comes alongside it. Keeping up with your vitamins, fruit and veg. All disorders are given over the counter drugs to ease the pain but do not help repair the issue. They also vary between surgery to drugs or even cream.

Bone fracture treatment is usually immobilising the bone with a cast or splint or rods or plates to hold the bone together whereas in more severe cases surgery is carried out. However, in tendinitis, treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, and medications (reduce pain) but with severe cases surgery is carried out just like in bone fracture. Osteoporosis treatment relies on lifestyle changes and drugs but in severe cases surgery is used just like in bone fractures and tendinitis.

increases her physical activity and begins to make and eat healthy food, this will help prevent her osteoporosis from worsening but is not as effective as SERMS as they have a positive effect after the first usage.

HRT (Hormone replace therapy) helps keeps bones strong and reduces the breakage of them during treatment. However, the side effects are severe when compared to SERMS and is most effective during treatment rather than day to day life.

References:

 GCSE PE-lesson 7.1.1 Function of skeletal system. Daminan Edwards – PE. 15/11/  arthritis-health/types/rheumatoid/surgery- rheumatoid-arthritis-ra  Biology.LibreTexts.13 Skeletal system. 13/08/  OpenStax college, Rice University. Https:courses.lumenlearning/opl-old/chapter/divisons-of- skeletal-system  Skeletal and muscular system-real world science on the learning video channel. Harmony squar. 12/09/  Https//antomyandphysiology/lever-systems-bone-muscle- relationships.  Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. Https:mayoclinic/diseasesconditions/thrombocytope nia/symptoms-causes/syc-  Amanda Barrell 2/10/ Https:medicalnewstoday/articles  Booklet sample in lesson  Treating, curing and preventing disease bbc.co/bitesize/guides  opentextbc/anatomyandphysiologyopentax/chapter/ types-of-body-movement  encylcopedia  open.oregonstate  The 6 Types of Joints - Human Anatomy for Artists  ncbi.nlm.nih

 course.lumenlearning  medicalnewstoday  Concepts of biology- 1st Canadian edition Charles Molnar and Jane Gair  Adam Augustin/01/2o Britannica  innerbody  Function of tendons in musculoskeletal system / Anatomy snippets/09/19. Dr Chukwudi Ekomaru  Michelle Lee. Physiopedia. Tendon Anatomy  Medlineplus. Linda J Varvick 5/01/  Healthline  geekymedics/  aclandanatomy/multimediaplayer.aspx? multimediaid=10528071#: :text=The%20anular%20ligament %2C%20together%20with,the%20radius%20to%20rotate %20in.  Ligaments (spineuniverse)  betterhealth.vic.gov/health/ConditionsAndTreat ments/bone-fractures  open.oregonstate/aandp/chapter/9-4- synovial-joints/  dignityhealth/articles/broken-bones-types-of- casts-braces-and-splints-available#: :text=A%20brace%20is %20designed%20to,activities%20of%20general%2C%20daily %20living.  theros.org/information-and- support/osteoporosis/treatment/raloxifene/

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Unit 8 assignment 1 musculoskeletal system - graded at Distinctio level

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• btec applied science unit 8 assignment 1 musculoskeletal system
• applied science unit 8 assignment
• unit 8 assignment 1 btec applied science
• Study Level BTEC
• Examinator PEARSON (PEARSON)
• Subject Applied Science 2016 NQF
• Unit Unit 8 - Physiology of Human Body Systems

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