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Paragraph & Essay

This document provides information on writing paragraphs and essays. It defines a paragraph as a group of sentences that discusses a single main idea, and notes that effective paragraphs have a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence. Essays are longer pieces of writing that express a personal viewpoint. Well-structured essays contain an introduction, body paragraphs with topic sentences and support, and a conclusion. The document also outlines various types of paragraphs and essays, offers transitional devices to link paragraphs, and reviews the steps and techniques for writing paragraphs and essays. Read less

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• 1. Paragraph & Essay 1 By: Bishaara Adam
• 2. PARAGRAPH A paragraph is a group of sentences that fleshes out a single idea and supports the writer’s main idea.  In order for a paragraph to be effective, it must begin with a topic sentence, have sentences that support the main idea of that paragraph, have a concluding sentence and maintain a consistent flow. 2
• 3. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A PARAGRAPH  Unity – Unity in a paragraph means that the entire paragraph should focus on one single idea. The supporting details should explain the main idea. The concluding sentence should end the paragraph with the same idea.  Coherence – Coherence means establishing a relationship between the ideas presented in a paragraph. Sentences within a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole.  Completeness – Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all the sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not enough sentences or enough information about the main idea, then the paragraph is incomplete. 3
• 4. STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH  Topic Sentence – Topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph.  Supporting Sentences – Supporting sentences are the sentences in the paragraph other than the topic sentence and the concluding sentence. These sentences either expand the main point, define key terms, offer explanations, give examples or give additional details.  Concluding Sentence – Concluding sentence of the paragraph summarizes the main idea by reinforcing the topic sentence. It also links one paragraph to the next. 4
• 5. ESSAY An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view. 5
• 6. FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURES OF AN ESSAY Introduction Paragraph - The introduction opens the essay. It usually describes or says what you are going to do in your essay. Body Paragraphs – The Body is the main part of the essay. The body usually consists of 3 paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence. Conclusion Paragraph - The Conclusion is the end of the essay. It often has the same idea as the Introduction, only in different words. 6
• 7. TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS & ESSAYS  Descriptive – It describes something and shows the reader what a thing or a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five senses of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste. Narrative – It tells a story. There's a sequence of action or there's a clear beginning, middle, and end to the paragraphs.  Expository – It explains something or provides instruction. It could also describe a process and move the reader step by step through a method.  Persuasive – It tries to get the reader to accept a particular point of view or understand the writer's position. 7
• 8. STEPS FOR WRITING PARAGRAPHS & ESSAYS Step 1: WHILE-WRITING Write the topic sentence. Write the supporting sentences. Write the concluding sentence. Focus on the main idea of the paragraphs. Step 1: PRE-WRITING Write an outline. Select a topic. Collect supporting information about the topic. Write your own ideas. Organize the information in a way that develops your main idea. Step 1: POST-WRITING Edit the paragraphs. Check for spelling & grammar mistakes. Make sure the paragraphs have a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a closing sentence. See if the paragraphs are interesting. 8
• 9. TRANSITION BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS  Good transitions can connect paragraphs and turn disconnected writing into a unified whole. Instead of treating paragraphs as separate ideas, transitions can help readers understand how paragraphs work together, reference one another, and build to a larger point. The key to producing good transitions is highlighting connections between corresponding paragraphs. By referencing in one paragraph the relevant material from previous paragraphs, writers can develop important points for their readers. 9
• 10. TRANSITIONAL DEVICES  To Add: and, again, and then, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, too, next, lastly, moreover, in addition To Compare: whereas, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, although, conversely, meanwhile, in contrast To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is 10
• 11. TRANSITIONAL DEVICES To Show Time: immediately, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, next, and then To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, eternally, never, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably 11
• 12. TRANSITIONAL DEVICES To Show Sequence: first, second, third, A, B, C,. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, finally, consequently, previously, before this, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate To Summarize or Conclude: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have said, hence, therefore, thus, as a result 12
• 13. TECHNIQUES OF ESSAY WRITING Reading and researching Note making Developing ideas Organizing information Drafting 13

Chapter 6: Understanding Paragraphs

Jan 04, 2020

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Chapter 6: Understanding Paragraphs. College Reading and Study Skills, Ninth Edition by Kathleen T. McWhorter. Objective:. In this chapter you will learn the three essential parts of a paragraph and how they work together to create meaning.

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Chapter 6: Understanding Paragraphs College Reading and Study Skills, Ninth Edition by Kathleen T. McWhorter

Objective: • In this chapter you will learn the three essential parts of a paragraph and how they work together to create meaning. • LEARNING PRINCIPLE: You are able to remember information that is meaningful more easily than information that has no meaning.

Three Essential Elements of a Paragraph • TOPIC: the one thing the paragraph is about, the unifying factor. • MAIN IDEA: what the author wants to communicate about the topic, the central or most important thought. The sentence that expresses the main idea is the topic sentence. • DETAILS: the proof, support, explanation, reasons, or examples that explain the main idea.

The topic of a paragraph is the subject of the whole paragraph. What is the topic of the following paragraph? Bone is one of the hardest materials in the body and, although relatively light in weight, it has a remarkable ability to resist tension and other forces acting on it. Nature has given us an extremely strong and exceptionally simple (almost crude), supporting system without giving up mobility. The calcium salts deposited in the matrix give bone its hardness, whereas the organic parts (especially the collagen fibers) provide for bone’s flexibility and great tensile strength. (from Marieb, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, p. 119.)

The main idea of a paragraph tells you what the author wants you to know about the topic. • Ask these questions: • What is the author trying to say about the topic? • Which sentence states the main idea?

Where to find the main idea: • FIRST SENTENCE: The author makes a statement at the beginning, and then supports it throughout the paragraph. (deductive) • LAST SENTENCE: The author provides supporting evidence for the main idea first and then states it. (inductive)

Where to find the main idea: • MIDDLE OF THE PARAGRAPH: Author builds up to the main idea, states it, and then goes on to elaborate on it further. • FIRST AND LAST SENTENCES: Author states the main idea, supports it, and then restates it at the end.

Where to find the main idea: • UNSTATED MAIN IDEAS: The reader has to infer, or reason out, what the main idea of the paragraph is. This type of paragraph contains only details or specifics. • What is the one thing the author is discussing throughout the paragraph? • What would be a sentence to explain all the details?

Details and Transitions • DETAILS are facts and ideas that prove, explain, support, or give examples of the main idea of the paragraph. • TRANSITIONS are linking words or phrases used to lead the reader from one idea to another. See Figure 6.1 in your book for common transitions and patterns.

Summary Questions • What is a paragraph? • What are the essential elements of a paragraph? • Where is the topic sentence most likely to be found? • How can you identify main ideas that are not stated in a topic sentence?

Take a Reading Road Trip! Take a trip to MAINE and ST. LOUIS and visit the Main Idea and Supporting Details modules on your CD-ROM.

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