narrative essay jss1

Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 1

JSS1 First Term- English Language

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• Post published: June 22, 2024
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English Studies, JSS 1 First Term

• SPEECH WORK
• COMPOSITION

INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH AND SPEECH ORGANS

OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

• Define speech
• Identify the organs of speech used in speaking
• Explain the functions of the organs of speech used, when speaking.

INTRODUCTION:

Speech has to do with the communication of one’s thoughts in spoken words. It is the process of uttering words, in order to communicate a message, and it is a core aspect of language.

Speech has to do with the production of words in a language, by using the various organs of speech to produce meaningful sounds, which communicates the desired message.

It is a core part of articulatory phonetics, which deals with the production of sounds and words in the language.

There are various organs of speech used while speaking, and they shall be listed and their functions explained as follows:

• The Alveolar ridge
• The Hard Palate
• The Velum (soft palate)
• The Pharynx

The Alveolar Ridge : This is one of the speech organs that is located in between the top front teeth and the hard palate. It is used to produce consonant sounds, such as /t/, /d/, /n/, etc.

The Hard Palate : This is also called the roof of the mouth. It is used in producing sounds when another speech organ makes contact with it. The /j/ sound is produced with the hard palate.

The Velum:  This is also called the soft palate. During articulation, the velum is raised in such a way, as to block the air from escaping through the nose.

And it is usually in contact with other speech organs, for it to produce a sound. For example, the sounds /k/ and /g/ are produced when the tongue makes contact with the velum. And they are called the velar sounds.

The Teeth:  This is another very important speech organ. The upper and lower teeth are used in the course of producing speech, and this occurs when they come in contact with another speech organ. For example, the dental sounds /ϴ/ and /ꝺ/ are produced when the tongue makes contact with the teeth.

The Tongue:  The tongue is a very important organ of speech that is divided into three parts; the tip, body and back. It is used in producing many sounds when it comes in contact with other speech organs.

The Lips:  The lips are also very important in producing speech sounds, the upper and lower lips come together to produce bilabials, such as /m/, /b/, etc. The lips also come in contact with the teeth to produce /f/ and /v/. Also, when the lips are in a rounded position, the /u/ sound is produced.

The Pharynx:  This is another important speech organ that looks like a tube and is used in the course of the production of speech sounds.

The speech organs are an essential aspect of speech in every language, as they are the vehicle with which the sounds are conveyed.

ASSESSMENT:

Mention some other speech sounds, and state their functions.

GRAMMAR: NOUNS

By the end of this lesson, students should be to:

• Define nouns
• List and explain types of nouns, with examples

A noun is one of the parts of speech that is used in naming people, things, places, etc.

A noun is a naming word. It is used to name people, places, things, animals, events, etc. It is a very important aspect of language, as everything that exists in the world has a name to it.

A noun can be a subject, object, indirect object, complement, subject complement, object complement, etc.

Examples of nouns are: Stella, Raymond, Nigeria, Lagos, Dog, Goat, Pencil, Laptop, etc.

TYPES OF NOUNS

There are different types of nouns, and they are:

• Proper Noun
• Common Noun
• Countable Noun
• Uncountable Noun
• Abstract Noun
• Concrete Noun
• Collective Noun
• Compound Noun

Proper Noun:  A proper noun is a noun that belongs to a particular person, thing, place, object, etc. It is not a general name, as it is unique to a particular person or thing, and they usually identify with this name. A proper noun should always start with a capital letter.

Examples are:

Proper Name of people: Desmond, Mary, Lilian, Michelle, etc

Proper Name of places: Lagos, London, Nigeria, Cameroon, etc

Proper Name of things: Banana, Samsung, Tecno, etc.

Common Noun:  From the name, it is a common kind of noun, that is given as a general name to things, people, places of the same kinds, etc.

Examples are: Laptops, boys, girls, fruits, continents, wristwatches, etc.

Countable Noun:  Countable nouns are nouns that are used to name things that one can count easily. Countable nouns take the articles: A, An and The.

Examples are: chair, book, pen, phone, car, board, etc.

Uncountable Noun:   Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted due to how they are. It is the opposite of the countable noun.

Examples are: water, sugar, oil, fuel, etc.

Abstract Noun:  Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be seen or touched, but that can be most felt, or experienced. It refers to ideas, qualities, features, etc.

Examples of abstract nouns are: Love, Humility, Anger, Friendship, Loyalty, etc.

Concrete Noun:  Concrete nouns are nouns that can be seen and touched. It is the opposite of the abstract noun discussed above.

Examples of Concrete nouns are: table, book, laptop, bucket, house, etc.

Collective Noun:  This is a noun that is used to name a group of things, people, animals, etc.

Examples of Collective Noun are: Herd of cattle, choir of singers, fleet of cars, etc.

Compound Noun:  Compound Nouns are nouns that consist of two words or more words, however, they are used to refer to one person, thing, etc.

Examples of compound Nouns are: son-in-law, wristwatch, football, mother-in-law, etc.

Nouns are used to name people, things, places, animals, events, etc.

List and explain the various types of nouns, with examples.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT: LANGUAGE SKILLS

• List the four language skills
• Explain the four language skills

Language is a system or method, by which humans communicate with one another, via spoken or written words.

Language skills refer to the basic ways through which one learns a language. There are four skills to be mastered by anyone, who would be able to use a language proficiently.

There are four language skills, that every learner of a language must master, to be able to use the language effectively. And the four language skills are divided into two categories, which are the receptive and productive skills. They are as follows:

• Listening (Receptive)
• Speaking (Productive)
• Reading (Receptive)
• Writing (Productive)

The receptive skills are the skills used to receive information in the language. While productive skills are used to produce or give out information, in the language.

• Listening : This is the first language skill that one needs to acquire. When learning a language, you have to first listen to the speakers of a language speak, as this helps you know what to imitate or say when you want to start speaking the language.
• Speaking : This is another language skill that is used to produce the language. In learning a language, after listening, one then goes further to imitate the language by speaking it.
• Reading : This is a receptive skill that is used to receive information in a language, by using your eyes to go over and take in written words and sentences, etc in order to gain understanding.
• Writing : This is the fourth language skill that has to do with putting down symbols, letters in form of words, to pass across a message in a language.

The four language skills are very important when learning and using a language to communicate.

List and define the four language skills.

• Define composition
• Identify and explain the types of composition

Composition refers to the way a writer puts words together to create a meaningful piece of writing. A composition can be written in different ways, which have would be discussed in detail below.

A composition is a form of writing on any topic, which aims to inform, persuade, educate, etc. There are four types of composition writing, and they are as follows:

Narrative Composition : A narrative composition is a type of composition writing that is used to tell a story, or relate the happenings in an incident. Narrative compositions are written in form of stories.

In writing a narrative composition, the introductory part must be interesting enough to catch and hold the readers’ attention.

Examples of topics in narrative compositions include: My last trip to Abuja, My Experience at the National Museum, The Most Memorable Day of my Life, etc.

Descriptive Composition : Descriptive compositions are used to describe things and events. A descriptive composition can be aimed at describing a person, or group of people, an object, place, event, etc.

Descriptive compositions make use of deep descriptive language that helps the reader create in his or her head, the picture the writer is painting.

Examples of descriptive compositions are The Third Mainland Bridge, The Longest River in the world.

Expository Composition : An expository composition is a type of writing that requires one to research and find out facts about a given topic, in order to write about it. It has to do with exposing a topic, by getting proven facts about it.

An expository composition does not allow for the opinion of the writer in the essay, as it is mainly based on proven facts. It examines the definition, causes, effects, advantages, disadvantages, solutions, etc. of a concept, by stating proven facts, gotten through research.

Examples of Expository Composition include: The effects of Covid-19 on Education, HIV/AIDS and its spread, The Ebola Virus etc.

Argumentative Composition:   Argumentative compositions are written in form of debates. It is a kind of composition in which a person takes a stance in an argument, finds out facts to support the stance they take, and try to convince others to agree with their point of view/ perspective on the issue.

It is a persuasive kind of writing that seeks to argue out an issue, take a stance, and try to convince others to agree with you.

Examples of Argumentative Composition include topics like: Teachers are better than doctors, Technology has done more harm than good to the world, etc.

Composition involves writing in different ways, to express various ideas.

Write a descriptive essay on the topic “The Olumo Rock”.

LITERATURE: MEANING, FEATURES AND TYPES

• Define literature
• State some features of literature
• List and explain the types of literature

Literature is an imitation of life. It is used to imitate the happenings in society and can be used to tell stories in form of drama, prose and poetry.

Literature is a work of art that is made up of written artistic works, which are in the form of drama texts, novels, poems, etc. Literature also includes spoken word and stage plays.

Literature is an important aspect of art that imitates the realities in the society, in order to teach morals, warn one of the dangers, educate, entertain, etc.

Literature is made up of three genres, which are:

FEATURES OF LITERATURE

Some of the features of literature, which makes it distinct from other forms of art shall be discussed as follows:

• Plot: This refers to the arrangement of the events in literature work. It has to do with the storyline, and how it is depicted in the work.
• Climax: This is the highest point of suspense in literature work, that puts readers on their feet. During the climax, the events in a literary work become more intense and serious.
• Dialogue: This refers to the conversation that goes on between two or more people, in a work of literature. Dialogue is the opposite of monologue, which occurs with only one person.
• Conflict: This refers to the struggles that occur amongst characters in a literary work. It could also be an internal struggle within a character.
• Flashback: This is another feature in literature, in which past events are flashed back to, for reference purposes, in the present.

FORMS/TYPES OF LITERATURE

Some of the various forms of literature shall be listed and explain below:

• Oral literature
• Historical literature

Oral Literature:  Oral literature is a form of literature that is spoken or sung. It is an unwritten kind of literature, and it was the first form of literature before the written form of literature came into existence. It comes in the form of songs, spoken word, folktales, etc.

Historical Literature : Historical literature is one that talks about the happenings or events of the past, in literary materials. It is usually about stories of historical deeds, which are worthy of note to write about.

Mime : This has to do with imitating the actions, emotions, etc in a drama, without speaking. It is a form of literature.  

Literature imitates life events in order to tell stories, teach lessons, educate, and entertain.

List and explain five types of literature.

List and explain five functions of literature

WEEK TWO:- {Speech Work: Pure Vowel Sounds, Grammar: Pronouns, Reading and Comprehension: Reading Strategies, Vocabulary: Members of the family, Composition: Elements of composition And Literature: Functions of Literature}

English Language JSS 1 First Term

• READING AND COMPREHENSION
• COMPOSITION WRITING

PURE VOWELS (MONOPHTHONGS )

• Define pure vowels
• Identify the pure vowels in the English language, with examples.

English language sounds are divided into two, which are: Pure Vowels/ Monothongs and Diphthongs. Here, we would be examining the pure vowel sounds.

Pure vowels are also known as monophthongs. Monothong comprises of a single sound and as a result, there is no shift or glide, when pronouncing them.

Monthongs are divided into short and long vowels, and they are 12 in number, with 5 long vowel sounds and 7 short vowel sounds.

LONG VOWEL SOUNDS:

The long vowel sounds in English Language are as follows:

• /a:/ – b ar k, l ar k, d ar k,  ar t
• /u:/ – h oo t, l oo t, d u de
• /i:/ – s ea t, m ee t, b ea d
• /З:/ -h er d, t ur n, s ir
• /ᴐ:/ – l or d, b a ll, c au se

SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS:

The short vowel sounds in English Language are as follows:

• /ӕ/ – bat, l a st, r a t
• /Ʊ/ – l oo k, g oo d,
• /i/ – s i t, b i t, l i d
• /e/ – l e d, f e d, s e t
• /ɒ/ – d o t, g o t, j o t
• /ʌ/ – h u t, l o ve, b u s
• /Ə/ – moth e r , fath er ,  a

Monothongs are also known as pure vowels, and they contain a single sound in pronunciation.

Describe each of the vowel sounds above, with examples.

• Define pronouns
• List and explain the types of pronouns with examples.

Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, to avoid repetition.

Jane  loves to write.  Jane  writes for a blog, and the owner of the blog pays  Jane  monthly, for writing.  Jane  loves her job.

In the sentence above, the noun “Jane” was written four times, and it makes it repetitive and unnatural. However, when the appropriate pronoun is used to replace the noun, it sounds better.

Jane loves to write. She writes for a blog, and the owner of the blog pays her monthly, for writing. She loves her job.

In this new statement, the noun “Jane” has been replaced with “she and her”, and the statement is still grammatical and correct.

There are different types of pronouns, which are:

• Personal Pronoun
• Demonstrative Pronoun
• Indefinite Pronoun
• Possessive Pronoun
• Interrogative Pronoun
• Reflexive Pronoun
• Relative Pronoun

PERSONAL PRONOUN

Personal pronouns are pronouns that are used to replace personal nouns. They are used to replace the personal names of persons, things, animals, etc.

Examples of personal pronouns are: I, She, They, It, etc.

They are divided into first, second and third-person pronoun, such as:

First Person: I, We, Me, Us

Second Person: You

Third Person: He, She, It, Him, Her, They, Them

• I am going to the mall next week.
• She is at the door.
• They would be here soon.
• It barked last night.
• He gave it to them.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that are used to replace nouns, already mentioned in a sentence. They are used to point to a specific thing within a sentence. They are in both singular and plural forms.

Examples of Demonstrative pronouns are: This, That, These, Those, Such, None.

• I have never eaten any apple, as sweet as
• He owns two cars, this is one of them.
• This is a very boring party, I have never attended such in my life, until now.
• The boys are in the backyard, none of them is indoors.
• Pack my shoes into the house, these are yours.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

These are pronouns that do not refer to any particular person or thing. It is not specific or definite, as the name implies, it is “indefinite”.

Indefinite Pronouns include: Anybody, Anyone, Anything, Everybody, Everyone, Everything, Nobody, No one, Nothing, Somebody, Someone, Something.

Indefinite pronouns with –body and –one are used for people. While indefinite pronouns with –thing are used for things. Also, an indefinite pronoun always takes a singular verb.

• Everything is ready.
• Everyone looks forward to meeting her.
• Somebody is looking for you.
• There is nothing in the bag.
• Anyone can represent us there.
• Something is leaking out of the bag.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

These are pronouns that are used to show possession and ownership. They are in two categories, which are the weak possessive pronouns, and the absolute possessive pronouns.

Weak Possessive Pronouns: They are used as determiners in front of a noun, to show possession. They are: My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its, Their.

• My book is with Paul.
• Your sister is calling you.
• Their dad works at the bank.
• His brother is a medical doctor.

Absolute Possessive Pronouns: They are used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned in the sentence. They include: Mine, Ours, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Theirs.

• The bag is mine.
• The blue car is theirs, the black one is ours.
• The food on the table is yours.
• The book is hers.
• The laptop is his.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

These are pronouns that are used to ask questions. They are used to interrogate.

Examples of interrogative pronouns are: What, Which, Who, Whom, Whose

There are also other kinds of interrogative pronouns, in which the suffixes –ever or -soever is added. They are: Whichever, Whatever, Whosoever, Whatsoever, etc.

What: This can be used for people and things

• What is her name?
• What did you buy at the market?

Which: This can also be used for people and things

• Which of them washed the car?
• Which of the pens is yours?

Who: This can only be used for people

• Who is at the door?
• Who came to look for me?

Whom: This can also be used for only people

• Whom do they buy from?
• From whom were you sent?

Whose: This can be used for people and things

• Whose dog is that?
• Whose mother came to see me?

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a verb in a sentence, refers to the same person or thing. It used to refer back to the subject of a sentence. 

It is similar in a way to the intensive pronoun, but they are not the same. They end in -self or -selves.

Examples of reflexive pronouns are: Myself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves, Ourselves.

• She bought a book for herself.
• They bought the house for themselves.
• He knocked himself on the head.
• I entertain myself with music and good food.

RELATIVE PRONOUN

Relative Pronouns usually appear after a noun or noun phrase, to give clarity, or add more information about it. They are used to introduce additional information about a person or thing, already mentioned in a sentence.

Examples of relative pronouns are: that, who, which, whom, whose etc

• The woman who bought the house is here.
• The thief that stole the goods, has been caught
• The man, whose bag I found, has called me.
• The skirt which I bought has been given out.

READING AND COMPREHENSION: READING STRATEGIES (SQ3R)

• Define reading strategies
• List and explain the different reading strategies.

Reading strategies refer to the techniques involved in the reading process, which aid comprehension.

Reading Strategies are the various kinds of strategies employed when reading, in order to facilitate comprehension of what is being read. Reading is one of the four language skills, and it is a receptive skill used to receive information in a language.

There are various reading techniques. However, for this lesson, we would be examining the SQ3R technique, and it shall be discussed in detail, as follows.

SQ3R stands for/; Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.

Survey:   This is the first step to take in the reading process, which involves doing an overall survey of the whole text by looking at the headings and words that stand out, in order to have a general idea of what the text is about.

Question:  Here, you would move forward to form questions based on your previous knowledge, and your opinion of what the text is about, based on the survey you already did.

Read:  This is where the act of reading is now carried out, to get a full understanding of what the text is about, and from the two steps above, you determine the main message being communicated in the text.

Recite:  This has to do with repeating to yourself the knowledge you have gathered from reading the text, or probably explaining it to someone.

Review :  This is the last stage in the reading process, that has to do with trying to remember all you have read and probably writing it down in your own words.

The techniques mentioned above can be employed in the reading process, to ensure comprehension.

Read a comprehension passage and use the techniques above.

VOCABULARY: MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY

A family is a group of people, related by blood and marriage. It is the first unit of a society that everyone experiences, everyone is from a particular family.

Here, words that are associated with members of a family shall be listed and explained.

COMPOSITION: ELEMENTS OF COMPOSITION WRITING

• List the elements of composition writing
• Explain the elements of composition

A composition is a form of writing for various reasons, and in different forms. However, every composition writing contains some important elements, which shall be discussed below.

Composition writing has some elements used in writing them, they include:

• Introduction

Introduction : The introduction is the first paragraph in every composition writing, that gives an introduction of the topic to be written on. It should be catchy and able to hold readers’ attention since it would determine how the rest of the composition would flow.

An introduction should not be too long, it could be limited to one paragraph. However, it should give readers a glimpse into what the entire composition writing is about.

Body : This is the major part of composition writing that expounds on the topic being written about. The body of a composition contains the full details of the topic, and what was introduced in the introduction.

For example, if it is argumentative writing, the body of such composition would contain the points used to oppose or support the motion being written on. This is a major part and it can take more than one paragraph.

Conclusion : This is the last part in the structure of a composition, which summarizes the points already raised in the body of the composition writing, and concludes it.

It is the last paragraph in every form of essay, and it should not be too long, since it is simply drawing a conclusion and/or giving action points to carry out.

The elements in a composition help give it a structure, which makes it orderly and easy to understand.

Write a narrative essay on the topic “My last holiday at the village”, using the various elements of composition, as discussed above.

LITERATURE: PURPOSE/FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE

• List and explain the purpose/functions of the literature

PURPOSE/FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE

Literature as art performs a lot of functions in our society by teaching morals, criticizing societal ills, entertaining, etc.

Some of the functions of literature include:

• To entertain
• To teach morals
• Improve Vocabulary
• Criticize societal ills
• Build Imaginative prowess

To Educate : Literature can be used to educate readers on the concept being written about in the literary text. Literature exposes us to a whole lot of new knowledge and information, and this serves to open up our minds to learn new things, that we may not have encountered before.

To Entertain : Literature is also a huge source of entertainment, in fact, this is a core function of literature. Literature serves as a huge source of entertainment, whether in reading a book, watching a drama, etc.

To teach morals : Literature is also used to teach morals, especially to children, to help them distinguish between good and evil actions. Literature works condemn evil acts and reward acts of good, and this, in turn, teaches people to embrace good and not evil.

Improve Vocabulary : Literature can also be used to improve your vocabulary, as you get exposed to new words, which you learn and later use in your speech and writing.

Criticize societal ills : Literature is also used to condemn and criticize societal ills, in order to bring about a reform in government and other agencies in the society. Literature like satires can be used to ridicule evils and condemn them in society.

Build Imaginative Prowess : Literature can also help increase one’s imaginative prowess and helps you build up images of what you read about in your head. Literary works can present situations, places, humans that you have never thought of, and in the process of reading about them, your imagination would widen to capture what you have read.

WEEK THREE:- {Speech Work: Vowel sound /i:/, Grammar: Verbs Vocabulary: Your school subjects, Composition: Difference between Descriptive essay and Narrative essay And Literature: Elements of Prose and Types of Oral Literature}

• SPEECH SOUND

SPEECH SOUND: THE VOWEL /i:/

• Describe the /i:/ sound
• Give examples of words with the /i:/ sound.

The /i:/ sound is a long vowel sound. It is a pure vowel sound as it contains a single sound, and the mouth remains in a position when it is being pronounced.

The /i:/ sound is a long vowel sound, which is also known as the close front vowel sound.

When it is pronounced, the tongue is raised and placed behind the lower teeth, and the lips are spread. Its short form is the /I/ sound.

Examples of words with the /i:/ sound include: tree, she, leaves, etc.

The /i:/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• ee- fr ee , b ee , s ee
• ea-  ea sy,  ea t, d ea l
• e- h e , w e , th e se

The /i:/ sound is a long vowel sound, with its short form as the sound /I/.

Write ten words that contain the /i:/ sound

GRAMMAR: VERBS

• Define verbs, with examples
• List and explain the types of verbs.

Verbs are words that depict actions and doing. It is also used to show the state of being.

A verb is a word that shows actions and state of being. It is used in sentences to show what the subject of the sentence did. It is a core part of the English Language, and no sentence can make sense, without a verb.

Verbs are expressed in different forms, in form of past tense, present tense, to-infinitive, gerunds, etc. Verbs are not only used to show actions, they are also used to express the state of being.

Examples of verbs are: go, dance, is, are, look, fight, were, was, etc.

• She danced at the party last night. (action)
• They are good people. (state of being)
• He is at the bank (present tense)
• They ate the food last night. (past tense).

TYPES OF VERBS

There are different types of verbs, and they include:

• Lexical Verbs
• Auxiliary Verbs
• Finite Verbs
• Non-finite Verbs
• Transitive Verbs
• Intransitive Verbs
• Irregular Verbs
• Regular Verbs

Lexical Verbs : These are also known as main verbs, and they are used to depict actions. Lexical verbs can be expressed in different tense form, as gerunds and to-infinitive.

• She walks home every day.
• He works at the pharmacy.
• They wrote the letter.

Auxiliary Verbs : They are also known as helping/assisting verbs. They are used to help the lexical verbs, and they show a state of being.

There are different kinds of auxiliary verbs, and they are:

The verb to be: is, are, was, were, been, being

The verb to have: has, have, had

The verb to do: did, do, done

Modal Auxiliary Verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought

• She is going home tomorrow.
• They can take the books
• He has washed the clothes
• I did not lock the door.

Finite Verbs : These verbs are the roots of sentences; they are used to show the action of the subject in a sentence. They show agreement with the subject in terms of number and person.

• He has eaten the food.
• They are with my mother.

The verbs used in the sentences above are finite, as they agree with their subjects in terms of person and number.

Non-finite Verbs:  These are verbs that do not show agreement with the subject in terms of person and tense, and they are used in phrases. A non-finite verb does not function as a verb, rather, they function as nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Non-finite verbs appear in form of gerunds and infinitive

• Exercising helps one to be fit
• To serve is a beautiful thing.
• Dancing is her hobby.
• To know him is a great privilege.

Transitive Verbs:   Transitive verbs are verbs that transit their actions to an object. They are transferrable verbs. They act on an object.

• She washed the clothes.
• He raised the book.
• They ate the food.

Intransitive Verbs:  Transitive Verbs are verbs that do not act on an object. They do not transfer their actions to any object. They are usually followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.

• I nap every day.
• He smiles a lot.
• She exercises on Saturdays.

Regular Verbs :  Regular verbs are verbs that form their past and past participle tense regularly, by adding -ed to the end of the base word.

Irregular Verbs:  Irregular verbs are verbs that form their past and past participle tense irregularly. There are three forms of irregular verbs:

• Irregular verbs that retain the same word as the base word, past tense and past participle form
• Irregular verbs in which the past tense and past participle tense are the same, but differ from the base word.
• Irregular Verbs in which the base word, past tense and past participle tense form, differ from each other.

Verbs are an indispensable part of language, and they come in different forms, as have been explained above.

List and explain the various types of verbs, with examples.

VOCABULARY: YOUR SCHOOL SUBJECTS

There are various subjects taught in school, intended to impart the required knowledge to students in various areas. Here, we would be examining these subjects and explaining what they entail.

COMPOSITION: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE ESSAY

• Define descriptive essay
• Define narrative essay
• Differentiate between descriptive essay and narrative essay
• Narrative Essay
• Descriptive Essay
• Argumentative Essay
• Expository Essay

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

Descriptive essays are used to describe things and events. A descriptive essay can be aimed at describing a person, or group of people, an object, a place, event, etc.

Descriptive essays make use of deep descriptive language that helps readers create in their head, the picture the writer is painting.

Examples of descriptive compositions are: The Third Mainland Bridge, The Longest River in the world.

NARRATIVE ESSAY

A narrative composition is a type of composition writing that is used to tell a story or relate the happenings in an incident. Narrative compositions are written in form of stories.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY AND NARRATIVE ESSAY

• A descriptive essay deals with describing things, it could be an object, a place, a person, etc. On the other hand, a narrative essay is used to tell a story.
• Also, a descriptive essay helps to paint pictures with words, while a narrative essay relates the happening in an event in a chronological manner, from a point of view.

Narrative and descriptive essays are used to describe a thing and narrate a story respectively. They are both types of composition writing, which may seem similar but differ in how they are written.

Write a narrative essay on “The school cultural day event”

Write a descriptive essay on “The Kanji Dam”.

LITERATURE: ELEMENTS OF PROSE

• Define prose
• List and explain the elements of prose

Literature is divided into three genres, which are prose, poetry and drama. Here, the prose would be discussed, alongside its elements.

Prose is a genre of literature that is written in chapters and paragraphs. It is a common form of writing which is found in novels, newspapers, magazines, bulletins, etc.

It is a straightforward form of writing that is used in writing novels, novellas etc. The prose is written in a narrative style, to tell a story in chronological order, from a point of view. It is different in structure and form, from Drama and Poetry.

Examples of prose works in the literature include: Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Kolera Kolej by Femi Osofisan, etc.

There are elements used in prose writing, and they include the following:

• Characterization
• Point of View

Plot : This is the chronological arrangement of the events in a prose work. It has to do with how the writer presents the events in the story, in order. There are two types of plot structure, which are: The chronological plot and the non-chronological plot.

The chronological plot is the arrangement of the events in a prose work, according to how they occurred from the beginning of the story till the end.

While the non-chronological plot does not present the events from how they occurred from beginning to the end. The story could start from the middle, then with the use of flashback, it goes back to the beginning, before finally moving to the end of the story.

Setting:  This refers to the place and time in which the story took place. There are two types of setting, which are: spatial and temporal setting.

The spatial setting is the place of the event, that is, the location where the story takes place in the real world, or an imaginary world.

While the temporal setting refers to the time of the event, whether during a significant time in history, or just another time in life.

Characterization:  This refers to the characters in a novel and the role they play in the novel. There are different types of characters, which are round characters, flat characters, heroes, villains, etc.

Point of View:  This refers to the perspective and point of view from which a novel is written, and how the story is conveyed from the point of view of the writer.

There are three types of point of view, which are: First-person point of view, second-person point of view and omniscient point of view.

Style :  This refers to the style or form, in which the prose work is written.

Theme : This refers to the issues treated in the story, which stems from the subject matter. The themes in a prose work could be love, family, power tussle, friendship, violence, etc.

Prose is one of the genres of literature that is written in chapters and paragraphs.

Read a prose work, and identify some of the elements used in it.

TYPES OF ORAL LITERATURE

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• Define oral literature
• List and explain the types of oral literature

Oral Literature is the first form of literature, which is in form of songs, chants, spoken words, etc.

Oral Literature refers to the spoken, recited or sung utterances that are used artistically in literature work. Oral literature is the first and oldest form of literature presentation, however, most oral literature has been transcribed into written works.

Oral literature can come in form of songs, chants, spoken word poetry, etc.

There are different types of oral literature, which include:

• Fairy tales

Myths : This is a traditional story that explains a natural phenomenon involving supernatural beings and events. Myths are mostly untrue, as they involve mystical acts believed to have occurred in the real world.

An example of a myth in Nigeria is the story about the girl, who removed her head, from her neck, in order to make her hair.

Legends : A legend is a story that tells of legendary deeds done by great men and women in the past. It is a form of oral literature that is circulated among a group of people.

An example of a Nigerian legend is the story about Jaja of Opobo.

Folktales:  This is a story that is passed down from generation to generation, which is used to teach morals. It is used by elders to instil values and ethics in younger ones.

An example of a folktale is the story of The Boy who Cried, Wolf.

Fairy Tales:  Fairy tales are stories about magical, imaginary beings, lands, places, etc. It is mostly told to children to fascinating them. They contain stories about wizards, witches, goblins, mermaids, etc.

Parable:   This is a story that is used to convey moral or spiritual principles. It is a coded form of literature that needs to be interpreted to convey its message.

Fable :  This is a story that makes use of animals and other objects as the characters in the story. It is usually used to teach moral lessons, and it is passed on from one generation to another.

Oral literature is the oldest form of literature, which is used to pass messages across in different forms.

Mention one example each, for the different types of oral literature.

WEEK FOUR:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /I/, Grammar: Adjectives, Composition: Narrative Essay: My experience in my former school And Literature: Features of Oral Literature}

THE VOWEL SOUND /I/

• Describe the vowel sound /I/
• List words that carry the /I/ sound.

The /I/ sound is a short vowel sound in the English Language.

The /I/ sound is a short vowel sound that is described as the front close short vowel sound. It is the short form of the /i:/ sound. During pronunciation, the tongue is raised and placed behind the lower teeth.

Examples of words with the /I/ sound are: hip, bid, pick, mick, etc

The /I/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• i- w i n, p i g, s i t
• ic- r ic k, s i

The /I/ sound is a short vowel sound that has its long-form as /i:/

Write ten words that carry the /I/ sound.

GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVES

• Define adjectives, with examples.
• List and explain the types of adjectives

Adjectives are words used to describe or modify a noun or pronoun. They are used to give more information about nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are words used to describe nouns and pronouns. They give information about the quality, quantity and state of being of these nouns, and also provide information about a person, place or object in terms of shape, size, age, colour, origin, material, number, etc.

Adjectives are placed before nouns in sentences, between an article and a noun, and they act as a complement in a sentence.

Examples of adjectives are: Big, beautiful, lovely, tall, small, purple, brilliant, exceptional, tiny, interesting, wide, ugly, resilient, etc.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

There are different types of adjectives in the English language, used to describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They include:

• Descriptive Adjectives
• Quantitative Adjectives
• Proper Adjectives
• Demonstrative Adjectives
• Possessive Adjectives
• Interrogative Adjectives
• Indefinite Adjectives
• Compound Adjectives

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES : This is the common kind of adjectives, that is used to describe nouns and pronouns. Most adjectives fall into this category, as they give more information about the nouns or pronouns they describe.

• She has a small
• He is a brilliant
• They are the owners of the majestic
• The shoes are beautiful.

QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES : Quantitative adjectives are used to describe nouns and pronouns in terms of their quantity or number. They give information about how much or how many a noun/ pronoun is.

• He has five books
• There is little food in the kitchen,
• She has a lot of clients, who want to work with her.

PROPER ADJECTIVES:  This is when a proper noun is used as an adjective to describe another noun or pronoun. Here, proper adjectives refer to a specific adjective, which is not general, but which is used to describe a specific thing.

• He is a Nigerian.
• She cooked Mexican rice last night.
• We went to a Chinese restaurant for his birthday party.

DEMONSTRATIVE   ADJECTIVES : Demonstrative Adjectives are used to refer to a person, thing or place. Demonstrative adjectives always come before the nouns they modify. They include: that, this, these, those.

• That book is for her
• These children are from the other building
• This car is mine.

POSSESSIVE   ADJECTIVES : Possessive Adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of a thing, person, place, etc. They always come before the noun they describe. Examples are: his, my, her, your, their, our, etc.

• Your mother asked you to buy a book.
• Their father is a policeman.

INTERROGATIVE   ADJECTIVES : Interrogative adjectives are adjectives that are used to ask questions, and they must be followed immediately by the noun or pronoun, they are interrogating about. They are: which, what, whose.

• Which book is that on the table?
• Whose mother came here?
• Which car do you want to buy?
• What career do you plan to pursue?

INDEFINITE   ADJECTIVES : Indefinite Adjectives are adjectives that are used to describe nouns indefinitely or in an unspecific manner. Examples are: some, few, many, any, nobody, several, etc.

• Some men came here last week
• Many children are out of school
• Few books have been bought
• Several events are being organized this year.

COMPOUND   ADJECTIVES : Compound words, which are used to describe or modify other nouns and pronouns, are referred to as compound adjectives.

• She has a two-feet doll
• He got a broken-down

ARTICLES : Articles are also used to describe nouns. We have three articles, which are: A, An, and The.

A and An are indefinite articles, while The is a definite article.

• A man asked of you yesterday.
• The boys are on the pitch
• An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Adjectives are used to describe or give more information about a noun or pronoun.

List and explain the types of adjectives with examples.

COMPOSITION: NARRATIVE ESSAY

MY EXPERIENCE AT MY FORMER SCHOOL

The name of my former school is Living Spring Nursery and Primary School and it is situated at no, 4, Okonjo Street, Ikotun, Lagos state. It is a really amazing school, where I met a lot of amazing teachers, friends, classmates, etc.

Living Spring primary school really exposed me to a lot of activities and events, which has helped me till today, as a student.

While at Living Spring, I was one of the school prefects, specifically the social perfect, so, I was in charge of organizing some social activities in the school. Hence, I organized a quiz competition between the different classes, as well as a debate competition.

There was also a time when my school was invited to a quiz competition by another school, and I was chosen alongside some other students to represent the school at the competition. We took the second position at the end of the competition and were given a cash gift of #50,000 and a standing fan for the school.

Also, my school really organized a lot of extra-curricular activities, which exposed us to educational content beyond our normal classwork. We had many clubs, such as jet clubs, debating and literary club, music club, etc. and I was in the music club.

I really had a great experience in my former school, and I would forever cherish it.

LITERATURE: FEATURES OF ORAL LITERATURE

By the end of this class, students should be able to:

• List and explain the features of oral literature

Oral literature is the oldest form of literature, which is in form of songs, chants, spoken word, etc.

The following are the various features of oral literature, and they include:

• Verbal Variability
• Performance

Verbal Variability : This refers to the changes that occur during the performance of oral literature that makes it differ from one performer to another.

Oral literature varies when it is performed verbally, as performers can decide to add or subtract some information, during performance. Hence there is verbal variability, as no two performances are the same.

Performance : Oral literature is basically performed, as that is the form in which it exists. Oral literature is carried out by a performer who speaks and acts out or displays it to an audience. Performance is a core feature of oral literature.

Audience : The audience refers to the people watching, as the oral literature is performed on stage. They determine a lot, especially as the performer can decide to add or remove some information, in order to suit the audience watching.

Oral literature is the oldest form of literature which is in form of songs, chants, etc.

List the functions of oral literature in society.

WEEK FIVE:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /e/, Grammar: Comparison of Adjectives, Composition: Paragraph Writing And Literature: Drama: Types and Elements}

Week 5 OVERVIEW:

VOWEL SOUND /e/

• Describe the vowel sound /e/
• List words that carry the /e/ sound

The /e/ sound is a short vowel sound, which has its long-form as the vowel sound /З:/

The /e/ sound is described as the close-mid front vowel, and it is a short vowel sound. During its pronunciation, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the lower front teeth, and the lips are spread.

Examples of words with the /e/ sound are: b e d, l e d, p e g, f e nd, etc

The /e/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• e- t e ll, m e nd, l e nd, f e d

The /e/ sound is a short vowel sound, and it is voiced like other vowel sounds.

Write ten words that carry the /e/ sound.

GRAMMAR: COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

• Define Adjectives
• Identify the different degrees of comparison for adjectives.

Adjectives are words used to describe nouns and pronouns. They are also in different degrees, as shall be examined in this lesson.

Adjectives are words used to describe nouns and pronouns. They give information about the quality, quantity and state of being of these nouns and pronouns.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Adjectives can be compared in degrees and it has three levels of comparison, which are the positive, comparative and superlative comparison.

Positive: This is the adjective used to describe a thing, person or place on a regular level.

Comparative: This is the comparison of two things, to show how different they are.

Superlative: This is the comparison of one thing among many things, to show how distinct that one thing is from others in the group.

Now, there are different ways in which an adjective can be compared, and they are as follows:

• Adjectives with one syllable express their comparison by adding “ier” and “iest” respectively.
• Adjectives with two syllables and which end with the letter “y”, express their comparison by adding “ier” and “est”.
• Comparison using “more” and “most”.
• Irregular comparison

Adjectives can be compared in different degrees, as have been explained above.

Write ten adjectives and compare them in the three degrees mentioned above.

COMPOSITION: PARAGRAPH WRITING

ARRANGEMENT OF IDEAS IN LOGICAL SEQUENCE

• Define paragraph
• Write and arrange ideas in a logical sequence.

In writing a composition, there is a structure to be followed, to make your ideas flow in a sequential manner.

When writing any type of composition, it must contain an introduction, body and conclusion. This means that there is a structure to be followed in any form of writing. And each of these sections in composition writing can be broken down into paragraphs.

A paragraph is a group of sentences, which speak to an issue in a piece of writing. And every paragraph has a topic sentence, which carries the main point being discussed in the paragraph.

A topic sentence helps the readers to have an idea about what is contained in the whole paragraph, and that is why it is advised that the topic sentence of a paragraph comes first.

Paragraphing is very important in writing, as it helps to break a composition down into sections, which makes it easy and simple to read and learn from. A paragraph can contain several explanations of a single point, supported by examples and illustrations. However, a paragraph should not contain so many sentences.

Now, when writing a composition, the paragraph structure is divided into three, which include: introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction : The introduction is the first paragraph in every composition writing, that introduces the topic to be written on. It should be catchy and able to hold readers’ attention since it would determine how the rest of the composition would flow.

Body : This is a major part of composition writing that expounds on the topic being written about. The body of a composition contains the full details of the topic, and what was introduced in the introduction.

For example, if it is argumentative writing, the body of such composition would contain the points used to oppose or support the motion being written on. This is a major part and it should take more than one paragraph.

In writing an essay or composition, your essay must be divided into paragraphs based on the divisions above, in order to make your ideas flow in a sequential manner.

Write an expository essay on “Covid-19 and its effects” and arrange it in the sequence stated above, using the introduction, body and conclusion format.

LITERATURE: DRAMA

• Define drama
• List and explain the elements of drama with examples
• List and explain the types of drama, with examples

Drama is one of the genres of literature that is written in acts and scenes. It is a form of literature that employs dialogue and performance to show what is going on between two or more people.

Drama is a genre of literature that is represented in performance and plays. It is a representation of life, which can be acted out in form of a play in a theatre.

It is a form of literature that portrays life events through the use of dialogue between characters, conflict, etc. to tell a story. Examples of Drama include Women of Owu by Femi Osofisan, The Play of Giants by Wole Soyinka, Two Plays by Niyi Osundare, The Lion and The Jewel by Wole Soyinka, etc.

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

There are different elements that are employed in drama, and they shall be listed and discussed below.

Plot : This refers to the arrangement of the events in a drama, which spans from the beginning to the end. There are two types of plot structure, which are: chronological and non-chronological plot structure.

Conflict : This refers to the struggle between the opposing forces in a drama. It refers to the challenges to be resolved, which drives the story forward and reveals things about the various characters, such as their weaknesses, strengths, etc.

Conflict is what causes suspense in a drama work, highlighting various happenings that would eventually lead to the resolution of the conflict.

Dialogue : Dialogue has to do with communication. This refers to the discussion going on between two or more people in a drama, and how they are interacting with each other in the play. The opposite of dialogue is a monologue.

Soliloquy : This refers to a situation when a character in a drama is talking to himself/herself. It involves a situation when the character is lost in thoughts and starts speaking aloud to himself/herself, it is a kind of monologue.

Character : This refers to the humans in the story, who are to play certain roles. Characters need to act to represent the role they are playing, in order to make the story real and come alive.

Themes : Themes refer to the various messages being passed across by the story in a drama. Themes can vary depending on the storyline and there are different themes, varying from love, betrayal, violence, friendship, war, family, etc.

Costume : This refers to the clothes worn by characters in a play, which help them represent the role they are playing.

TYPES OF DRAMA

There are different forms of drama in literature, they include:

• Tragicomedy

Comedy : A comedy is a kind of drama that aims to make people laugh. It is a funny kind of drama, that is light-hearted and always has a happy ending. An example of comedy is The Lion and The Jewel by Wole Soyinka.

Tragedy : This is the opposite of a comedy, which has a serious tone and a gloomy storyline. In a tragedy, the hero possesses a weakness or tragic flaw, which leads to his or her downfall in the drama. A tragedy always ends on a sad note. An example of a tragedy is, The gods are not to be Blamed by Ola Rotimi.

Tragicomedy : This is a mixture of tragedy and comedy, that can start on a sad note and end on a happy note, or have a serious storyline, with bits of comedy and humour in it.  A tragicomedy combines the features of a tragedy and comedy.

Farce : A farce is a kind of drama that employs exaggeration and funny situations, in order to make the audience laugh and be entertained.

Melodrama : A melodramatic drama is a kind that is highly sensational and emotional. It is used to evoke emotional responses in its audience. It makes use of exaggerated events and characters.

Drama has different types and elements which are employed in it.

Mention five types of drama with examples

Mention four elements used in drama.

WEEK SIX:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /æ/, Grammar: Adverb And Composition: Descriptive Essay: A Marketplace}

Week 6 OVERVIEW:

SPEECH WORK: VOWEL SOUND / ӕ /

• Describe the /ӕ/ sound
• List words which carry the /ӕ/ sound

The vowel sound /ӕ/ is a short sound that has its long-form as /a:/. The /ӕ/ sound is described as the open front vowel. During pronunciation, the front of the tongue is moved forward and the mouth is open and the lips are spread.

Examples of words that have the /ӕ/ sound are: s a t, f a t, cl a ss, etc.

The /ӕ/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• a – b a d, g a g, h a d
• ac – b ac k,  ac t, l ac k

The vowel sound /ӕ/ is a short vowel sound, with its long-form as the vowel sound /a:/

Write ten words that carry the /ӕ/ sound.

GRAMMAR: ADVERBS

• Define adverbs
• List and explain the types of adverbs, with examples

Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Adverbs are words that are used to describe a verb, adjective and other adverbs. Adverbs are used to describe the way an action is carried out, and this is when an adverb is used to describe or modify a verb.

It is also used to describe adjectives, as they give more information about them, or intensify their meaning. Adverbs are also used to modify other adverbs, to give more information about them.

Most adverbs end with -ly, however, not all adverbs end with “-ly”.

Examples of adverbs are: very, happily, quickly, lovingly, beautifully, etc.

TYPES OF ADVERBS

There are different types of adverbs, which include:

• Adverb of Degree
• Adverb of Time
• Adverb of Frequency
• Adverb of Manner
• Adverb of Place
• Adverb of Degree: This is used to describe the degree to which something is. It is used to tell how much, to what extent/degree something is, or is done. It answers the “how much” question.

There are three levels of adverb of degree, which are Low degree (somewhat), Medium degree (fairly, slightly), and high degree (intensely, extremely). Adverbs of degree modify adjectives and adverbs, and they appear before the word they modify.

Examples include: so, too, enough, nearly, etc.

• They nearly missed the train.
• The children are so early today.
• Adverb of Time: This is used to show the time that an action took place, and for how long it took place. Adverbs of time can be placed in any position in a sentence, but they could be strategically placed in certain positions to get some effects in meaning.

It answers the “when” question.

Examples: He packed his bags and left  that night.

                   That night , he packed his bags and left.

In the statements above, the adverb of time “that night”, was placed in two different positions, and in the second statement, emphasis was placed on the time, since it appeared in the initial position in the statement.

Other examples of adverbs of time are yesterday, tomorrow, now, then, later, today, earlier, every day, etc

• She came to the office  today .
• I just called him  now .
• I would be going home  earlier  than usual.
• Tomorrow , they would be travelling to New York.
• Adverb of Frequency: Adverb of Frequency is used to show the number of times an action takes place, or usually take place. It is similar to the adverb of time, however, while the adverb of time tells the time of an action, the adverb of frequency tells how frequent an action takes place.

It answers the “how often” question.

Examples of adverbs of frequency include: always, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, etc.

• She  often  visits her grandfather.
• He  seldom  goes to his parent’s home.
• They  never  argue with each other.
• Adverb of Manner: The adverb of Manner tells how an action was carried out. It answers the “how” question. They help give more details about how a thing is done, and they give deeper meanings to sentences.

Examples: She walks to work every day.

                  She walks  briskly  to work every day.

In the examples given above, the first example does not have an adverb of manner, while the second example has. Comparing both statements, more information is given about the manner with which she walks in the second statement, and it gives more meaning to the statement.

Examples of Adverbs of manner are: quietly, diligently, loudly, modestly, etc.

• She dresses  modestly .
• Quietly , she stood up and left the room.
• He works  diligently  at his business.
• Adverb of Place: This is used to tell the location of the action, and it can also be used to show movement. An adverb of place does not modify adverbs or adjectives.

Adverbs of place can also be in the form of a prepositional phrase, and it takes the form of Preposition + noun.

Examples: in the car, on the mat, under the bed, here, there, abroad, inside, outside, etc.

• She was  here  last night for the party.
• He travelled  abroad  last year for his Masters’ Degree.
• She is sitting  in the car.
• They are  inside the room.

Adverbs are of various types, and they are used to describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Write ten sentences, with two containing each type of adverb explained above.

COMPOSITION: DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

A MARKET PLACE

A marketplace is a place where buyers and sellers meet to transact business. It is a place where goods of different kinds are displayed and sold to people for a price.

A marketplace is usually a noisy and busy place, where shops and stalls of different sizes are situated, stocked up with different kinds of goods being sold, varying from food, clothes, shoes, books, electronic gadgets, etc.

It is a place where sellers display their wares for sale, and where buyers come to negotiate and buy for an agreed price.

In every market, sellers always try to attract buyers by calling out the names of their wares and what they can do, to catch buyers’ attention, a times, they also sing. And when they get your attention, they try to convince you on why you should buy that product or goods.

A market could also be in sections, where people who sell similar goods stay together in a section of the market, and other people who sell other goods, also position themselves in other strategic locations in the market.

In the evening, a marketplace usually gets to its peak, as people who are returning from work may want to get things for themselves, hence, it gets really rowdy and busy

WEEK SEVEN:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /a:/, Grammar: Prepositions, Composition: Letter Writing And Literature: Folktales; definition and types}

Week 7 OVERVIEW:

THE VOWEL SOUND: /a:/

• Describe the /a:/ sound
• List words that carry the /a:/ sound

The /a:/ sound is a long vowel sound, which has its short form as the /ӕ/ sound.

The /a:/ sound is a long vowel sound that is described as the open front vowel sound. During pronunciation, the tongue is lowered inside the mouth, and the tip of the tongue is near the lower front teeth; the shape of the lips is also oval.

Examples of words with the /a:/ sound include art, park, class, star.

The /a:/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• a –  a fter,  a sk, f a ther, l a st
• ar- l ar ge,  ar gue, b ar , p ar ty

The /a:/ sound is a long vowel sound that has its short form as the vowel sound /ӕ/.

Write ten words that carry the /a:/ sound.

PREPOSITION

• Define preposition
• State the functions of prepositions
• List and explain the types of preposition

A preposition is one of the eight parts of speech. It is used to show the position of a thing or person in relation to another thing or person. Prepositions are used to show location, direction, position, etc.

Prepositions are words used to show the position of a thing or person, in relation to another thing or person. A preposition appears before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase, to show direction, time, place, etc.

Some examples of prepositions are: On, inside, behind, above, below, against, under, for, with, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITION

Prepositions can be used to perform the following functions, which include:

• To show the relationship between the noun/ pronoun with other words in the sentence.
• The book is on the table.

In the sentence above, the relationship between the noun “book” and the other words in the sentence is shown by the preposition “on”. Other examples are as follows:

• The man is at the door.
• He was behind the table.
• It is used to show direction, and point to a location.
• She is behind the tree.
• He is walking towards us.
• They went to church.
• It is also used to show the time when actions occur.
• She would be here by 10 am.
• The service would start at 3 pm.
• The boys ate rice in the morning.

TYPES OF PREPOSITION

There are different types of prepositions in the English Language, which are:

• Simple Preposition
• Double Preposition
• Compound Preposition
• Participle Preposition
• Phrasal Preposition

Simple Preposition : This is a common kind of preposition that is made up of one word. Examples of simple prepositions are as follows: to, for, off, by, in, on, etc.

• She is in the living room.
• The dog is for us.
• He is by the car.

Double Preposition:  Double preposition is formed by combining two simple prepositions. Examples of double preposition are: out of, into, from behind, etc.

• The dog jumped from behind the couch.
• I ran into my class teacher.
• She is now out of school.

Compound Preposition:  Compound Preposition is similar to the double, however, the compound preposition, it is made up of two or more prepositions. Examples of compound prepositions are: on behalf of, according to, as a result of, etc.

• I presented the gift on behalf of the company.
• She would be leaving today, according to the report given.
• He has been promoted, as a result of his diligence.

Participle Preposition:   This refers to actual verbs which act as prepositions. They are verbs but have been given the special status of being prepositions, and they usually end with “-en” or “-ing”. Examples of participle prepositions are as follows: during, given, concerning, notwithstanding, etc.

• Given that the school is closed for now, you would have to come back next week.
• I would get back to you concerning the business deal.
• Notwithstanding, she would see her mother.

Phrasal Preposition:  Phrasal Prepositions are phrases, which have their headword as a preposition. It is made up of a preposition + a modifier (optional) + object. Examples of phrasal prepositions are: in the market, at home, under our bed, between the book, from my mother, etc.

• I would buy the bag in the market.
• The basket is under our bed.
• The present is from my mother.

Prepositions are used to show direction, position, location, etc. They are also of different types.

Write out ten examples of prepositions, and make sentences with them.

LETTER WRITING

• Define letter writing
• List and explain the types of letter writing.

Letter writing has to do with the exchange of information and passing across messages, from one person to another through letters.

Letter writing has to do with writing a message, to communicate a thing to another person. Letter writing is an important type of writing that should be learnt. There are three types of letters, which are:

• Formal Letter
• Semi-formal Letter
• Informal Letter

Formal Letter:  Formal letters are letters that are written to important people in society. It is official and formal in nature. It is usually written to people such as; The President, Governors, School Principals, Head Teachers, Ministers, etc.

A formal letter is different from an informal letter, in terms of the type of people it is written to, and the structure of the letter.

Semi-formal Letter : This is a letter you write to someone that you know, but that you do not share a close relationship. For example, a parent writing a letter to his/her child’s school principal would be writing a semi-formal letter, or a letter to one’s friend’s parents, etc.

Informal Letter:  An informal letter is a letter written to family members, friends, and loved ones. It is a personal letter, written to people that we are familiar with, and it takes a different structure from the formal letter.

Now, the different types of letter writing have some elements that make them different from each other. However, the elements that they all possess, shall be listed here. They are as follows:

• Address of the writer
• Title of the receiver
• Address of the Receiver
• Title of the letter
• Complimentary close

It is important to note that the informal and semi-formal letters do not contain all of these elements stated above.

Letter writing is an important aspect of writing, used to pass messages from one person to another.

Distinguish between a formal, semi-formal and informal letter.

LITERATURE: FOLKTALES

• Define folktales
• List and explain the types of folktales

A folktale is a form of oral literature that deals with stories, which are passed down from one generation to another.

Folktales are stories that are passed down from generation to generation and are used to teach morals. They are used by elders to instil values and ethics into younger ones.

Folktales are circulated by word of mouth among a particular group of people, and they are usually told in order to entertain, educate and teach morals in society. Each storyteller of a folktale can add something to the story, to make it more interesting and this happens as time goes by.

A folktale has some characteristics of the culture and tradition of the people, from which it originated.

TYPES OF FOLKTALES

Below are the different types of folktales, that include:

• Trickster Tales
• Origin Tales

Tall Tales : Tall tale is a kind of folktale, which is based on the story of real people in life, but which is exaggerated or overstated. Tall tales make use of hyperbole to exaggerate the story being narrated.

Trickster Tales : This is a type of folktale, in which there is a character who engages in various forms of tricks and sets trap for others to fall into. A trickster story has a character who always deviates from the norm and engages in mischievous activities. E.g. The Marriage of Anansewa.

Origin Tales : Origin Tales are stories that answer questions about how things came to be, and about the origin of things that exist or currently happen. It takes a humorous or serious tone depending on the story being told. E.g. How dogs came to stay with men.

Folktales are stories told from one generation to another, by mouth.

Mention some types of folktales and define them with examples.

WEEK EIGHT:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /ɒ/, Grammar: Conjunction, Composition: Features of an informal letter And Literature: Figures of Speech}

Week 8 OVERVIEW:

THE VOWEL SOUND / ɒ /

• Describe the /ɒ/ sound
• List words that carry the /ɒ/ sound

The vowel sound /ɒ/ is a short vowel sound that has its long-form as the /ᴐ:/ sound.

The sound /ɒ/ is a short vowel sound that is known as the open back-vowel sound. When it is pronounced, the tip of the tongue is lowered in the mouth, the back of the tongue is raised, and the lips are rounded.

The long form of the vowel sound /ɒ/ is the sound /ᴐ:/.

Examples of words that carry the sound /ɒ/ are as follows: lot, stop, product, etc.

The /ɒ/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• o- b o dy, b o x, p o licy, sh o p
• a- qu a lity, w a nder, w a tch

The /ɒ/ sound is a short vowel sound.

Write ten words that carry the /ɒ/sound.

CONJUNCTIONS

• Define Conjunctions
• List and explain the types of conjunctions, with examples

Conjunctions are one of the eight parts of speech in the English Language. They are known as linking words, as they link words, phrases and clauses.

Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases and clauses in the English language. They help to reduce short sentences, as they link up simple sentences, in order to make compound and complex sentences.

Conjunctions can be used to begin a sentence, as opposed to the general view that they cannot be used. However, they need to be used in intervals and not often, in order to give a smooth flow.

Examples of conjunctions are: and, so, for, because, or, etc.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

There are different types of conjunctions, and they are as follows:

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Corelative Conjunction
• Sub-ordinating Conjunction

Coordinating   Conjunction : Coordinating Conjunctions are conjunctions that are used to link or join words, phrases or clauses which are equal. They are used in a situation, where there are two independent clauses or words and phrases which are equal.

Examples of coordinating conjunction are: And, but, for, nor, or, so, yet.

• She went to the market and bought a bag.
• They would be here soon, so, wait for some more minutes.
• I have a pen, but I need a pencil.
• She is here, yet, her mother has refused to see her.
• She would leave with the car or board a train.

Correlative   Conjunction : Correlative Conjunction is the type of conjunction that is used to compare or show contrast between equal parts of a sentence.  

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions are: not only-but also, either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not-but, whether-or, etc.

• I want both the black shoe and the red bag.
• They are either at the party or on their way there
• She did not only steal the book but also tried implicating the house help.

Subordinating   Conjunction : Subordinating conjunctions are used to join independent and dependent clauses together. They are used to join unequal clauses, to show that one clause is subordinate or dependent on the other clause.

Examples of subordinating conjunction are: because, after, than, when, although, if, though, inasmuch as, until, since, while, unless, etc.

• I would attend the party inasmuch as I get invited.
• She got to work late, because of the hectic traffic.
• Until she pays back, her car would be seized from her.
• While we were still talking, he arrived from the mall.

Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases and clauses.

Write five examples of conjunctions, for each type of conjunction stated, and make sentences with each of them.

FEATURES OF AN INFORMAL LETTER

• Define informal letter
• State and explain the features of an informal letter

Letter writing is a means by which messages are sent from one person to another, through letters. There are three types of letters, which are:

The informal letter has some distinct features which make it different from other forms of letter writing, and they shall be listed and explained as follows:

• The Address of the Writer: An informal letter starts with the address of the writer, which is written at the top right corner. It contains the house number, street, town, and state of the writer. And in a situation whereby the letter is written to someone in another country, the country of the writer must be stated in the address.
• Date: The date the letter was written must appear after the address of the writer. It should be written in a clear format of Day, Month, and Year, or Month, Day and Year.
• Salutation: This is in the form of “Dear Jessica,” or “Dear John,”. Here, the first name of the receiver of the letter can be written, since it is an informal letter.
• Introduction: In the introduction of an informal letter, the writer of the letter is to exchange pleasantries. It could also involve asking after some people, trying to catch up with some other gist, etc.
• Body: This is where you explain fully your reason for writing the letter. It can belong, and your tone should be friendly and informal.
• Conclusion: A conclusion is written afterwards, to bring the letter to an end. You can ask the person to give you a reply if such is needed.
• Complimentary Close: A complimentary close is given in form of “Yours sincerely, Yours, all my love, etc.” and a comma is added. This is written at the right bottom corner of the letter.
• Name of the Writer: You end by writing your first name.

An informal letter is an unofficial type of letter, written to family, relatives and friends. The tone of the letter should be friendly.

Write a letter to your sister in the boarding school, telling her about your school’s last picnic.

FIGURES OF SPEECH

• Define figures of speech
• List and explain some figures of speech

The figure of speech is the deviation from the literal meanings of words, phrases and statements, to give a deeper meaning, in order to achieve a certain effect. Figures of speech are commonly used in the different genres of literature, in order to make the language interesting.

There are different types of Figures of speech, but few shall be listed here and explained. They are:

• Personification
• Onomatopoeia
• Oxymoron, etc.

Simile : Simile is the indirect comparison of one thing, and another thing of a different kind. It is a direct comparison of two things, with the use of “as” and “like”. It is used to demonstrate the similarity between two things in figurative language.

Examples:                                             

• She is as beautiful as the peacock.
• He is as precious as gold, to his mother.
• The baby is as light as a feather
• The man is like a lion.

Metaphor : This has to do with the direct comparison of two things, without the use of “as” or “like”. It is usually between things of different kinds, but which have something similar in common.

• Make use of every day, time is money.
• Her heart of gold made me feel safe
• He is a pig

Irony : Irony is a figure of speech that occurs when someone says something, but means the exact opposite of what was said. It marks a contrast between appearance and reality.

• He is so clean, that all his white shirts are stained with oil.

The real meaning intended in the above statement is that the person being spoken about is dirty.

• They love each other, so much that they hate to help each other.

The real meaning intended in the above statement is that they do not love each other.

Euphemism : Euphemism occurs when a mild or indirect word/statement is used instead of a direct or harsh word/statement. In euphemism, words are not used in their direct meaning. It is used to lessen the effect that a direct word may have when used.

• He kicked the bucket.

This means that he died.

• She is economical with the truth.

This means that she is a liar.

Hyperbole : This is also known as an exaggeration. It is an overstatement that deliberately exaggerates a thing or situation, for the sake of emphasis.  It is the opposite of understatement, but it is not to be taken literally.

• I am so hungry I could eat a whole cow.

This means that the person is extremely hungry. But however hungry he is, it is not possible for him to eat a whole cow.

• He is older than the hills

This means that the person is very old. However, no matter how old a person is, they cannot be as old as hills, as hills have been in existence for many centuries.

Pun : Pun is a play on words, which focuses on using words with more than one meaning, or words that sound alike. It is often used for humour, and another name for a pun is Paranomasia.

• The wedding cake had me in tiers.

Meaning: Wedding cakes usually come in tiers, so the word “tiers” is used to replace the word “tears”, in the sentence.

• The population of Ireland is always Dublin.

Meaning: Dublin is the capital of Ireland, so, the word “Dublin” is used to replace the word “doubling”.

Personification : This has to do with giving inanimate objects or non-living things the characteristics of living things. It has to do with personifying non-living things as if they were living.

• The sun smiled at me.

Here, the sun is not a living thing, however, it has been given the feature of a living thing, which is to smile. The statement means that the sun shined brightly.

• The sky cried last night

This means that rain fell from the sky, the sky cannot cry because it is not a living thing.

Onomatopoeia : This has to do with using words to make a sound. It is also a kind of figure of speech.

This is used to imitate the sound a clock makes, as its hands move.

This is used to imitate the sound of a gun or any heavy thing.

• Cluck cluck

This is used to imitate the sound of a chicken

Oxymoron : This is the use of two words that oppose or contradict each other side by side in a sentence.

• They have a sweet-bitter relationship
• That she is pregnant is an open secret.

Figures of speech help to give depth to words, and their meanings deviate from the surface meaning of words.

Give two examples each, of each kind of figure of speech listed above.

WEEK NINE:- {Speech Work: Vowel Sound /Ͻ:/, Grammar: Adverbials And Composition: Informal letter: Letter to your cousin, telling him about your new school}

VOWEL SOUND / ᴐ :/

• Describe the /ᴐ:/ sound
• List words that carry the /ᴐ:/ sound

The /ᴐ:/ is a long vowel sound, which has its short form as vowel sound /ɒ/.

The /ᴐ:/ is a long vowel sound which is described as the open-mid back-vowel sound. When it is pronounced, the tip of the tongue goes low, but the back of the tongue goes up.

The mouth is also open, while the lips take an oval shape.

Examples of words that carry the /ᴐ:/ sound are as follows: all, four, more, etc.

The /ᴐ:/ sound appears in different words in form of the following letters:

• a-  a ll,  a lthough,  a lready,
• ou- y ou r, f ou r
• aw- l aw , s aw , j aw
• ar- w ar , w ar t
• or –  or ganization,  or gan,

The /ᴐ:/ sound is a long vowel sound

Write ten words that carry the /ᴐ:/ sound.

INTRODUCTION TO ADVERBIAL

• Define adverbials, with examples
• List and explain the types of adverbials

Adverbials refer to a word or group of words, which modify or give more information about a verb in a sentence.

Adverbials act like adverbs and are used to modify verbs or clauses. It can be a word, or group of words, which tell how, when, where, or how often a thing happens.

Adverbials are different from adverbs, in that adverbs are single words, whereas, adverbials can be a word or a group of words. Also, an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective and other adverbs, whereas an adverbial modifies a verb or an entire sentence.

Examples of adverbials are: happily, interestingly, in a minute, on the table, quickly, every Saturday, etc.

Adverbials can appear at the beginning or end of a statement. When an adverbial appears at the beginning of a sentence, emphasis is usually placed on it, and it is separated from the remaining part of the sentence with a comma.

• Incidentally, I saw him before he did.
• Yesterday, she collected the flower bouquet.

Adverbials can also appear at the end of a statement. Examples are:

• She washed the clothes in a frenzy.
• He accepted the offer in the office.

Adverbials can also appear in the middle of a sentence. Examples are:

• She has never gone home
• I loved travelling by air, until last year.

TYPES OF ADVERBIALS

There are different types of adverbials in the English language, and they are as follows:

• Adverbial Complement

Adverbial Complement :  Adverbial Complements are a kind of adverbial that can render a sentence incomplete and ungrammatical when they are removed from the sentence. They serve as complements in a sentence.

• She poured the food into the flask.
• He placed the fruits on the table.

Adjuncts : They form a core part of a sentence, however, when they are removed, the sentence can still remain meaningful and grammatical.

• She washed the baskets
• He walked away from the stage.

Conjuncts : Conjuncts are used to link two sentences together, in order to show how they relate with one another.

• Patrick was willing to help, luckily, it was in his area of expertise.
• I worked with the Johnsons this year, hopefully, they would give me a huge year bonus.

Disjuncts : Disjuncts are used to make comments or give more information about the remaining part of the sentence.

• With joy and excitement, she walked to the podium to get her award.
• Fortunately, he got the job, after a long search

Adverbials are used to give more information about verbs in a sentence, or other parts of a sentence.

Write ten adverbials and use them to make ten sentences each.

INFORMAL LETTER

LETTER TO YOUR COUSIN TELLING HIM ABOUT YOUR NEW SCHOOL

                                                                                                                        5, Allen Street,

                                                                                                                        Shagamu,

                                                                                                                        Lagos State.

                                                                                                                        7 th  July 2020.

Dear Chika,

How are you doing, and how are your parents? I hope everyone is doing great over there? The last time you came around, I am so sorry that we could not see; I already travelled to Big Daddy’s place, before you informed us about your intending visit. I hope I am around when next you come around.

My reason for writing this letter is to tell you about my new school, which I just gained admission into, after my common entrance.

The name of my school is Shining Stars High School, and it is situated at Shagamu, close to our house. My new school has a lot of amazing features, which I shall tell you about in this letter.

To start with, we have a well-stocked library, where we can go to read about the topics we have been taught in class. We also have interesting novels and other educational magazines we can read at our leisure.

Also, we have highly qualified teachers, who teach us based on the British curriculum, since that is what the school curriculum operates on. Also, our teachers are very patient, and give keen attention to every student, while teaching. Interestingly, we also have different teachers for different subjects.

And finally, another great thing about my school is the variety of extra-curricular activities made available for us to engage in. Some of them include a literacy and debating club, a press club, jet club, homemaking club, football team, etc.

How is everything holding up with you, and how is your school too? I would love to hear back from you. My regards to Adanna.

Your cousin,

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English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes

English studies scheme of work for jss 1, term: first term.

• Introduction to Speech
• Organs of Speech
• Words, Classes, Meanings Dictation For The Week 1 Spellings English Grammar Primary 6 Third Term Lesson Notes Week 1
• Parts of Speech
• Nouns – Meaning

Types of Nouns with Examples

• Understanding Nouns and Their Types English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 1
• The Family (using any recommended text)
• Listening Skills
• Speaking Skills
• Reading Skills
• Writing Skills
• Understanding Family and Language Skills Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 1
• Meaning of Composition
• Types of Composition (Narrative, Descriptive, Argumentative, Expository)
• Mastering the Art of Composition Writing Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 1
• What is Literature?
• Features of Literature
• Types of Literature (Oral, Historical, Dance, Drama, Miming)
• Exploring the World of Literature: Types and Features Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 1
• Pure Vowel Sounds (Monotones)
• Mastering Pure Vowel Sounds: A Guide to Clear Pronunciation Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Meaning, Identification
• Types of Pronouns
• Pronouns : Meaning, Types and Identification of Pronouns English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Reading Strategies (SPQ3R: Survey, Preview, Question, Recite, Recall, Review)
• Vocabulary Development – Members of the Family
• Reading Strategies and Job Vocabulary: SPQ3R and Beyond Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Introduction
• Crafting Effective Introductions, Bodies, and Conclusions Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Purpose/Functions of Literature
• Introduction to Prose (using recommended text)
• Exploring Literature: Understanding the Purpose of Literature and the World of Prose Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 2
• Vowel Sound / i: /
• Vowel /i:/: Pronunciation Practice for JSS 1 Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3
• Definitions, Identification with Examples
• Types of Verbs (Transitive, Intransitive, Regular, Irregular, Auxiliary, Lexical)
• Definitions and Types of Verbs Transitive, Intransitive, Auxiliary and Lexical, Regular and Irregular English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3
• Identification of Main/Supporting Ideas
• Vocabulary Development – Your School Subjects
• Understanding Main Ideas and Vocabulary in Reading Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3
• Differences between Descriptive and Narrative Essays
• Outlining the Differences Between Descriptive and Narrative Essays Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3
• Introduction to the Elements of Prose (Plot, Style, Characterization)

Types of Oral Literature

• Introduction to Prose and Oral Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 3
• Vowel Sound / i /
• Vowel Sound /i/ Pronunciation Practice for JSS 1 Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 4
• Definition and Identification

Types of Adjectives

• Mastering Adjectives: Enhancing Your Sentences Structure English Grammar Primary 5 First Term Lesson Notes Week 4
• Reading to Answer Specific Questions
• Reading to Answer Specific Questions – Test for Knowledge and Translation Level Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 4
• Narrative Essay – My Experience in Former School
• Narrative Essay – My Experience in Former School Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 4
• Use of Recommended Text on Prose
• Features of Oral Literature
• Understanding the Richness of Oral Literature Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 4
• Vowel Sound / e /
• Vowel Sound /e/ Pronunciation Practice for JSS 1 Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 5
• Comparison of Adjectives (Absolute Adjectives: Excellent, Superior, Total)
• Comparision of Adjectives, Absolute Adjectives: Excellent, Superior, Total English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 5
• Differentiating Between Main Ideas and Supporting Ideas
• Differentiating between Main Ideas and Supporting Ideas in a Passage Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 5
• Arrangement of Ideas in Logical Sequence
• Introduction and Conclusion
• Arranging Ideas in Logical Sequence with Introduction, Body, and Conclusion Composition – Paragraph Writing Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 5
• Introduction to Drama
• Types and Elements of Drama
• Characterization and Themes in Recommended Prose Text
• Introduction to Drama, Types, and Elements Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 5
• Vowel Sound / æ /
• Pronunciation and Usage of Vowel Sound /æ/ Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6
• Definition and Identification of Adverbs
• Types of Adverbs with Examples
• Mastering Adverbs: Understanding How, When, and How Often Actions Happen English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6
• The Busy Market: A World of Chaos and Beauty Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6
• Descriptive Essay – A Marketplace
• Vivid Descriptions of a Bustling Market Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6
• Use of Recommended Text on Drama
• Plot and Setting in the Recommended Drama Text
• Understanding Plot and Setting in Drama Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 6
• First Term Mid Term Test Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 7
• First Term Mid Term Test Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 7
• English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 7
• Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 7
• Vowel Sound / a: /
• Mastering the Long Vowel Sound /a:/ in Speech Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 8
• Types and Functions with Examples
• Mastering Prepositions: Types, Functions, and Usage for JSS 1 Students English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 8
• Application of Reading Technique (SPQ3R) to Given Passage
• Understanding Entrepreneurship: A Comprehension Guide for Nigerian Youths Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 8
• Introduction to Letter Writing
• Types of Letter
• Introduction to Letter Writing Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 8
• Introduction to Folktales
• Definition and Types
• Narration of a Folktale
• Exploring Yoruba Folktales: Legends, Myths, and Moral Lessons Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 8
• Vowel Sound / ɒ /
• Vowel Sound / ɒ / Speech Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9
• Definition, Identification
• Types (Subordinating, Coordinating)
• Conjunctions: Connecting Ideas in Sentences English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9
• Asking Questions to Cover All Levels of Comprehension (Where, When, How, Why, What)
• Entrepreneurship: A Path for Nigerian Youth Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9
• Features of an Informal Letter
• Features of an Informal Letter Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9
• Introduction to Figures of Speech (Simile, Metaphor, Irony)
• Introduction to Figures of Speech Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9
• Vowel Sound / u: /
• Vowel Sound /ɔː/: Pronunciation and Usage Work English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10
• Introduction to Adverbials (Features, Functions, Types)
• Introduction to Adverbials (Features, Functions, and Types) English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10
• Asking Specific Questions That Will Elicit Student Opinion
• Respect for Elders Comprehension English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10
• Informal Letter – Letter to Your Cousin Telling Him/Her About Your New School
• Informal Letter Composition English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10
• Review of Recommended Texts
• Figures of Speech
• A Review of Recommended Texts & Figures of Speech Literature English Grammar JSS 1 First Term Lesson Notes Week 10
• Examination

This scheme outlines the weekly topics and activities for JSS 1 English Studies, ensuring a comprehensive coverage of speech work, grammar, reading and comprehension, composition, and literature.

Old English Language JSS1 FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

English Language

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

Weeks Topics

1. Speech work : Introduction to speech (organs of speech)

Grammar : Parts of speech – Nouns

• Meaning, Identification of Nouns in Sentence

Comprehension : The Family~ Unit 1

Composition : Meaning, Types of Composition (Narrative, Descriptive, Argumentative, Expository)

Literature : What is Literature? The Features of Literature.

Types of Literature: Oral, Historical, Dance, Miming, Drama…see related text.

2. Speech work : Pure Vowel sounds (Monothongs) with examples

Comprehension: Unit 2, page 31

Vocabulary development: Your School Subjects

Grammar/Structure : Pronouns: Meaning, Identification, Types.

• Comprehension : A Conversation, Page 43

Grammar/Structure : Verbs: Definition, Identification with examples.

Types of verbs: Transitive, Intransitive, Auxiliary and Lexical, Regular and Irregular

Composition : Outlining the difference between descriptive and narrative essays

Literature : Introduction to prose and its elements, (plot, style, characterization)

• Comprehension : Unit 6, page 79. Two good Friends

Grammar: Adjectives: Definition, Identification,

Composition : Narrative Essay– “My First day in Secondary School”

Speech Work : Vowels /I/

Literature : What is Oral Literature, Features of Oral Literature and Types.

• Comprehension : Unit 7(a) page 91 Oduduwa

Grammar : Comparision of Adjectives,

Absolute Adjectives: Excellent, Superior, Total

Speech work: Vowel /e /

Composition : Paragraph Writing:

Arrangement of Ideas in Logical sequence with Introduction and Conclusion.

Literature : Introduction to Drama, Elements and Types

• Speech work /ae /

Grammar : Adverbs : Identification, definition,

Types and examples.

Composition – Descriptive Essay: A Market Place

Comprehension : Unit 7

Literature – Use Recommended Text. (Prose)

• Speech Work : / a:/

Comprehension : Unit 8, page 103. Every Man and Death

Composition : Introduction to Letter Writing and Types

. Literature – Introduction to for folktale

• Comprehension : Unit 9

Composition : Features of an Informal Letter with sample model

Literature : Introduction to Figures of Speech ( Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Alliteration, Assonance)

• Speech Work : / /

Grammar : Introduction to Adverbs ( Features and Functions)

Comprehension : Unit 9b page 117

Composition : Informal Letter : Letter to your cousin, telling him about your new school

Literature : Review of recommended text/ Figures of speech

10. Revision

11. Test/ Examination

12. Vacation

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Lesson note on English Studies JSS 1 First Term

English Language Lesson note for JSS1 – Edudelight.com

     ENGLISH STUDIES SCHEME OF WORK FOR J.SS 1

WEEK 1. INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH, ORGANS OF SPEECH

WEEK 2. GRAMMAR. PARTS OF SPEECH. FUNCTION OF NOUN

WEEK 3. TYPES OF NOUNS AND THEIR USE IN SENTENCES

WEEK 4. ESSAY WRITING, MEANING AND DEFINITION/ TYPES OF ESSAY

WEEK 5. LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

WEEK 6. PART OF SPEECH, PRONOUNS/TYPES AND FUNCTION

WEEK 7. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT/ MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY, VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT/THE SCHOOL SUBJECTS

WEEK 8. ELEMENTS OF COMPOSITION/ HOW I SPENT MY LAST HOLIDAY

WEEK 9. SPEECH SOUNDS/ LONG AND SHORT VOWELS

WEEK 10. PART OF SPEECH, ADJECTIVES/TYPES AND COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

WEEK 11. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT/REGISTER ON FARMING

                                                                       WEEK 1

                                                    INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH

Speech involves language sounds which are associated with meaningful sounds that come out of the mouth (human mouth) and they are known as speech sounds. What is articulation? Articulation is the movement of the vocal organs to produce speech sounds the vocal organs are then referred to as “articulators”

ORGANS OF SPEECH

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE ORGANS OF SPEECH

PURE VOWEL SOUNDS (MONO THRONGS)

There are 44 sound segments in English comprising 20 vowels and 24 consonant. We shall be covering vowel sounds and their classifications are:

                                                                Pure vowels                                       short vowel

                                                                Dipthongs                                 long vowels

The vowels in English are classified into two main groups: pure vowels (also called mono thongs) and dipthongs the pure vowels are sub- classified into short vowels and long vowels. Dipthongs are vowel sounds that are made up of two speech sounds

Close front centre back

                                I:                                          u:

                                     I                                                         u

                                        e             3:

                                                          a

                                                ae                                                  c:

                                                                    ^                        

                                                                      a:                             D

Diagram showing the English vowel chart

EVALUATION:

Answer the following questions:

• What is articulation?
• Mention 10 organs or speech

3a. how many vowel sounds do we have?

b. how many consonant sounds do we have in English?

ASSIGNMENT:

• How many long vowels do we have?
• How many short vowels do we have?
• What are pure vowels?
• What is a dipyhong sound?

MORAL OBJECTIVE(S):

We must learn to speak night and become a good orator like Apostle Paul to defend the gospel of Christ.

                                                        WEEK 2

CONTENT:                          

Grammar: Parts of speech

All the parts of speech are:

• Noun                     (2) pronoun                        (3) verbs                              (4)adjective                       

(5) adverb   (6) preposition  (7) conjunction

We shall consider each one, under our grammar lesson

• Noun- A noun is a naming word. Nouns are the names of people e.g man, woman, Ali etc. names of animals e.g horse, dog, cat etc. mane of things e.g. house, tree, blackboard etc.

Function of a Noun

• A noun can function as a subject in a sentence

A subject is the doer of an action.

E.g. Wale is in the class

‘Wale’ is a noun and it occupies the subject position of the sentence.

•  A noun can also function as object in a sentence

An object is the RECEIVER of an action.

E.g. The teacher slapped Wale

“The action of slapping” is received by Wale hence,

Wale is the object of the sentence.

Types of nouns

We have the following types of nouns:

• Common noun: refers to any examples of class of persons (boy, girl), places (stadium, city)
• Proper noun: refers to the particular person (Wale, Emeka) particular places (Lagos, Ogun). Particular week day (Friday, Sunday), particular title (Balogun, Otunba)
• Abstract noun : These are noun that are cannot see or torch but we can feel them, they also show our emotion e.g. happy, joy, sorrow etc.
• Countable Nouns: these are nouns we can count e.g. table, chair, biro, etc.
• Uncountable nouns : these are nouns that we cannot count e.g. water, oil, rice, beans etc.

From your progressive English by J. Addai  page 59-60

Group the following under proper nouns, common nouns, collective nouns and abstract noun. There are 20 nouns in each group

Conclusion:

Student can now give example of some type of nouns and they can use them in sentence.

Assignment:

Explain the following type of nouns with adequate examples.

• Collective noun
• Abstract noun
• Proper noun
• Common noun

PRONOUNS are words that are used in place of a noun. They are usually used to avoid repetition. Look at these sentences   :

The man came to our class. The man looked at every student, the man sat down. Instead of repeating the word “man” we use “He” .He is a pronoun. Other examples of pronouns are: he, she, they, it, you, us, them, e.t.c .

We can read up on pronouns from our NOSEC {Page 44-46}. Other parts of speech will also be discussed in our subsequent lessons.

Moral objectives:

Nouns are member of the open class and even from the beginning when God commanded Adam to give names to the animals and this was brought up till now and man is still identifying and distinguishing many things – hence he is still giving the names of many things and inventions.

                                                                 WEEK 3

Essay-Meaning and Definition

What is an essay? An essay is a written composition of moderate length explaining a particular issue or subject matter. In writing an essay, we must consider the following types of essays which are  : (a) Narrative essay (b) Descriptive essay (c) Argumentative essay (d) Expository essay

• Narrative Essay: this is a type of essay that you are made to tell a story. Especially, it is intended to share an experience of the past. Such experience can be personal, or mutual or it may have happened to a loved one and lessons are learnt from such.
• Descriptive essay: this is when you say or write about what somebody or something is like-that is describing something or someone.
• Argumentative essay is a type of essay in which you write out your reason to show that your position or view about a subject matter is correct.
• Expository essay: this is a type of essay in which you are asked to explain or define a process. E.g. How to prepare favourite meal.

Answer only one out of the following

• Narrative essay-my last holiday (how I spent my last holiday).
• (Descriptive essay)-my school my best subject teacher.

Conclusion: students have succeeded in identifying the unique differences that are evidence   in all these essay types.

Explain the following types of essay in your own words

• Narrative essay
• Argumentative essay
• Descriptive essay
• Expository essay.

Moral objective: The oldest and sacred book was written by the Spirit of God and we must appreciate this creative intelligence of our maker in ensuring that our knowing Him through His Word is perfected in Jesus the Written and The Living Word

                                       WEEK 4

Introduction to Literature

Literature is the art of composition in prose and verse literature mirrors life and the society. There are three (3) genres of literature which are:

• Drama (b) Prose (c) Poetry.

The purpose of Literature

• Literature seeks to correct the vice in the society
• Literature preserves the culture and tradition of the individual and society.
• Literature seeks to develop the human mind.

Function of literature

• It entertains and informs us
• It educates our mind to know about other people’s culture and tradition.
• It helps in development and enlightenment
• It gives us a unique identity
• It makes the economy to grow and develop.
• It enriches our minds.
• It helps in making us creative and inventive with words.

Types of literature

• Oral literature: this is a type of literature that has been handed down by word of mouth-they are now documented and modified for better understanding
• Historic literature: this is a type of literature that deals with the origins and culture of a people or race at a particular point in time
• Dance drama: this is when a play is acted out with musical lyrics for discernment and entertainment of the watching and listening audience
• Mime: this is acting without speech. it is a type of play.

Answer the following questions

• Define Literature  
• Explain the three branches or genes of literature that me here.

Student can  now give example of the types of literature that we have.

Define the following in your own words

• Mime                            (III) Oral Literature
• Dance Drama             (iv) Historic Literature.

Moral Objectives: Students should able to appreciate   their creative minds with words because God has blessed man with this gift and talent that he uses to express himself in prose, drama and poetry.

                                                       WEEK 5

Content: Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun.

Underline the pronouns in these sentences.

• John is a boy He is in the class
• Nike is a girl She is at home
• They  are brother and sisters
• We know them very well

Words that stand for males are masculine gender so the noun: man, boy, son, king, prince etc. and pronouns he and him are masculine gender word that stand for females are famine gender. The noun woman, girl, daughter, queen, princess etc. and the pronoun she and her are female gender.

Words that stand for things are neater gender.

(Neater means neither masculine nor feminine)

So the nouns book, house, river, tree, city etc. and the pronoun it are neater gender. It is sometimes used for animals also.

Note: that the pronoun: I, me, you, we, us, can be either masculine or feminine. The pronouns they and them may be masculine, feminine or neater.

Type of pronoun

• Personal Pronoun: these are pronoun that stand for person. We here first person, second person and third person. The first person is the person speaking e.g.

I am the teacher; listen to me

The second person is the person spoken to e.g.

You are a pupil

The third person is the person spoken about.

Wale is looking through the window. The teacher is pointing at him. They are pupils; he teaches them

• Possessive pronoun: these are pronoun that sounds ownership or possession e.g. mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,
• Interrogative pronoun: these are pronouns that are used to ask question e.g. who, what, which.
• Demonstrative pronoun: these are pronoun that “point out something e.g. this, that, these, those.
• Reflective pronoun: this type of pronoun is used to refer back to the speaker when he or she speaks e.g. myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, ourselves.

Evaluation:

Attempt the past question exercises in your test book-progressive English by O. Addai

(Page 54) question 1-5

Conclusion : student now understand the features  of a pronoun and how they are used in sentences

Assignment :

Explain the following type of pronoun :

• Possessive pronouns
• Demonstrative pronoun
• Personal pronoun

Moral Objectives:

At the end of this topic, student should be able to understand the expression :let us make man in our own image”, the use of us means that the creation of man involved the combined effort of God the father, God, the son, (Jesus) and God the Holy Ghost.

                                                                  WEEK 6

                   Vocabulary Development

                         members of the family.

• Nephew- A son of your brother or sister
• Niece-A daughter of one’s brother or sister (or brother-in-law, or sister-in-law)
• Cousin-the child of your aunt or uncle, (first cousin, full cousin) (cousin brother (male cousin) female cousin)
• Father-in-law – the father of your spouse
• Mother-in-law –the mother of your spouse
• Spouse- A person’s partner in marriage.

Better half, married person, mate, other half, partner

• Couple-A pair who associate with one another or a pair of people who live together.
• Courtship-A man’s courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage)

Vocabulary Development

Your school subjects

• Mathematics                      (6) Basic Technology       (11) Computer
• English                                (7)Business studies         (12) Social-Studies
• French                                  (8) fine Art                       (13) Yoruba
• C.R.S                                   (9) Home Economics       (14) Civic Education
• Basic Science                      (10) P.H.E                         (15) other words

(16) Academics-Associated with academia or an academy.

        An Academy-is a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge

(17) Rules-A principle or condition that customarily generous behavior –the state

        Of being controlled

Evaluation: find out the meaning of the following words and use them in sentence.

• Cousin                                  (4) Success
• Divorce                                 (5) Punishment
• Miler Family                         (6) Examination.

All students now have a better understanding of the family and the place of knowledge imputation (i.e. the school).

Cure the prescription of these words.

• Spouse                                                 (c) Nephew                        (e) Rules.
• Courtship                                               (d) Denomination

All students must appreciate our first father and our first mother (Adam and eve). But they must understand that Jesus is our ultimate father that gave everything to save our souls from sin.

Content: Composition

Elements of composition.

Elements of composition are the features or characteristics that make up the composition; they are divided into 3 parts which are: (i) The introduction (ii) The body (iii) The conclusion

• Introduction: is the opening paragraph or the beginning of your composition.
• Body: This is the content of your essay. The content will contain what you are writing about.
• Conclusion: This is the last paragraph or closing paragraph of your essay or composition.

What is a paragraph? A paragraph is made up of two or more stretches of sentences. While a sentence expresses a complete thought and it must start with a capital letter and ends with a full stop

For example: I had a wonderful time during my last holiday (Sentence)

I had a wonderful time during , my last holiday because my parents travelled. This gave me the opportunity to visit my old friends and relatives they were glad to see me because they really enjoyed my coming (Paragraph)

Outlining the points or the topic

How I Spent My Last Holiday

This is a good example of a narrative essay because it is a recount. One must outline his or her point with the use of past tense and past perfect tense of verb.

Write an essay on how you spent your last holiday (200 words).

Students are now confident to write out their personal interests and they can express their thoughts

Write an essay on “my school” (200 words)

Our students should be able to appreciate and value how the three Sinopec gospels (Mathew, Mark and Luke) give the defuel life and times of Jesus on earth.

                   WEEK 8

SPEECH SOUNDS: LONG AND SHORT VOWELS

/I/ – this sort vowel has various spelling symbols like e, I, u, ay, ey, y, ui, ie, a,ia e.g. market, manage, quick, Friday, village, holy, symbol

/ I: / – This vowel is longer in length than vowel /I/ spelling symbpls-ea, ev,ae. Ie, ei, e, I, ey, ay, ee, etc. e.g. retrieve, seek, people, heat, kerosene, be, calling, amoeba, police, see, prestige

/e/ – the spelling symbols of this vowel are: a,e,ue,ea,e.g. many, bled, weapon, guess, says, ate, egg, manger,

/ae/ – it has two spelling from: ai, and a, e.g. gap, fan, plaid, plait, march, thank, cat, channel

/ a: / – it is longer than vowel /ae/ (vpwel4) spelling symbols are: a, ar, er, ear, cul, al e.g. pass, farmer, balm, heart, laugh, draught, fast, clerk, sergeant, aunt, laugh

Identify the words that has these vowel sound in them

•    / a: / – (a) cause                              (b) hark                (c) Calf  (d) blue
•  / ae / – (a) active                              (b) fast            (c) who (d) dawn
•  / e / –    (a) paternal                         (b) campus            (c) be    (d) many
•  / I / –    (a) private                           (b) key                  (c) seize                (d) bell
•  / I: / –    (a) health                             (b) toy                   (c) these              (d) pack

Transcribe the following words

• Calf                        /ka:If/
• Active                   /aektiv/
• Many                    /meni/
• Private  /praivit/
• These                    /aI:s/

Conclusion: student can now give the pronunciation of these speech sound on their own

Compare and contrast these vowel sounds

/a:/ and /ae/                                      /I:/ and /I/

Part  pat                                      seal     sit

At the end of the lesson-students must develop their oratory prowess to be able to defend the gospel of Christ like Apostle Paul.

       WEEK 9

What is an adjective? An Adjective is a word that describes or modifies   a noun or pronoun

Types of Adjectives

• We have the following types of adjective :
• Adjective of quality
• Adjective of number
• Adjective of Definite number (cardinal and ordinal)
• Adjective of Definite  number
• Proper adjectives
• Distributive adjectives
• Demonstrative adjectives
• Possessive adjective

Companion of Adjective

Adjective are words that are used to add more intersection to a verb, an adjective and another adverb. Most adverbs ends in “-ly”.

Type of adverbs

• Adverb of manner – tells us how an action is carried out

Sentence: the girls ran quickly (Adverbs of manner)

• Adverb of time – shows when an action takes place e.g. ago, since, alter, soon, already sentence: they travelled yesterday (adverb of time)
• Adverbs of place – shows where the action is carried out e.g. in, above, inside, here, there, etc. sentence: I am here (Adverb of place)
• Adverbs of frequency – shows how stem or how many times an action is carried out. E.g. once, trice,  sometimes, always etc. sentence: I love eating beans always
• Adverb of Degree – use to show to what extent or limitation an, action is done e.g. quite, very, rather, only, almost, etc. sentence: wale did quite well in the examination (Adverb of degree).

Attempt the questions in progressive English – page 139-140

Eremite 170

Question 1-10

• We went there (adverb of place)
• The widow wept sorrowfully (Adverb of manner)
• He goes to work daily (adverb of frequently).

 On adjective

• The girl wore a yellow dress (adjective of color)
• The tall man came here
• He ate ten mangoes.

Conclusion: Students are now able to identify adverbs and adjectives in sentences

Assignment: choose the correct form of the adjective in brackets

Page 99 (progressive English) exercise 90

Questions 1-10

All students must appreciate the beanies in the word of God in Psalm 139:14 we are fearfully and wonderfully made,

The manner and how the almighty had created us cannot be compared with anything.

Register are terms or words that are used in any given field of human knowledge or human Endeavour

Register of farm

• Peasant farming or subsistence farming – Agricultural production for the satisfaction of the farmer’s immediate and extended families
• Tilling – making sail to be soft so that the preparation of the ridges and mounds become easier
• Stumps – the remaining of not in the soil after bush burning
• Seedlings – newly-germinated seeds
• Weed – unwanted plant
• Fertilizer – a chemical formulation in power or implore soil fertility

Lesson note English Studies For JSS 1 Second Term

Lesson note on english studies jss1 third term, english studies lesson note ss 2 third term, literature in english lesson note ss1 first term, government lesson note ss1 third term, second term english language scheme of work for ss1.

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Narrative Essay - An accident I witnessed Essay - JSS1 English Language Lesson Note

Narrative  Essay - An Accident I Witnessed

Introduction to Narrative Essays:    - A narrative essay recounts a personal experience or event in a storytelling format.    - It allows the writer to express thoughts, emotions, and reflections on the experience.

Choosing a Topic: The following should be followed:     - Select a specific accident that you witnessed personally.    - The accident could involve a car crash, a slip or fall, or any other incident that left an impression on you.

Structural  Elements: Introduction: Set the scene by describing the time, place, and circumstances leading up to the accident.    Body Paragraphs:

Describe the accident in detail, including what happened, who was involved, and how it unfolded.    Reflect on the impact of the accident, lessons learned, and any changes in perspective.

Descriptive Language    - Use vivid imagery and sensory details to bring the accident to life for the reader.    - Describe the sights, sounds, smells, and emotions experienced during the incident.

Character Development    - Introduce the individuals involved in the accident, including yourself and any other people or vehicles.    - Explore their actions, reactions, and interactions during the event.

Narrative Voice    - Ensure you Maintain a consistent narrative voice throughout the essay.    - Use first-person perspective ("I") to convey your personal experience as the witness.

Reflective Analysis:    - Reflect on the significance of the accident and its impact on you.    - Consider any lessons learned, changes in perspective, or emotional responses resulting from the experience.

Revision and Editing    - Ensure you review your essay for clarity, coherence, and logical flow of ideas.    - Edit for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.    - Seek feedback from peers or teachers to improve the quality of your writing.

Conclusion: When writing  a narrative essay about an accident you witnessed provides an opportunity to share a meaningful experience and engage readers through descriptive storytelling. By incorporating descriptive language, character development, and reflective analysis, you can create a compelling narrative that captures the essence of the event and its impact on you.

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First Term English Language Lesson Notes for JSS1 Students

First Term English Language Lesson Notes for JSS1 Students. To get full lesson notes, plans and materials, contact us. 

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK- ENGLISH 

Weeks                                        Topics                   

•             Speech work : Introduction to speech (organs of speech)

             Grammar : Parts of speech – Nouns

             * Meaning, Identification of Nouns in Sentence

             * Types of Nouns with Examples

            Comprehension : The Family~ Unit 1

Composition : Meaning, Types of Composition (Narrative, Descriptive, Argumentative, Expository)

Literature : What is Literature? The Features of Literature.

            Types of Literature: Oral, Historical, Dance, Miming, Drama…see related text.

•         Speech work : Pure Vowel sounds (Monothongs) with examples

            Comprehension: Unit 2, page 31

            Vocabulary development: Your School Subjects

           Grammar/Structure : Pronouns: Meaning, Identification, Types.            

•         Comprehension : A Conversation, Page 43

             Grammar/Structure : Verbs: Definition, Identification with examples.

Types of verbs: Transitive, Intransitive, Auxiliary and Lexical, Regular and Irregular (should be given as assignment)

Composition : Outlining the difference between descriptive and narrative essays

Literature :  Introduction to prose and its elements, (plot, style, characterization)

Types of Oral Literature

•         Comprehension : Unit 6, page 79. Two good Friends

             Grammar:   Adjectives: Definition, Identification, 

            Types of Adjectives 

             Composition : Narrative Essay– “My First day in Secondary School”

Speech Work : Vowels /I/

     Literature : What is Oral Literature, Features of Oral Literature and Types.

•       Comprehension : Unit 7(a) page 91 Oduduwa

                       Grammar : Comparision of Adjectives, 

                     Absolute Adjectives:  Excellent, Superior, Total

                     Speech work: Vowel  /e /

                             Composition : Paragraph Writing: 

                         Arrangement of Ideas in Logical sequence with      Introduction and Conclusion.

                             Literature : Introduction to Drama, Elements and Types

        READ ALSO:   SS2 English Exam Past Question – Third Term

•             Speech work    /ae /

              Grammar : Adverbs: Identification, definition, 

                           Types and examples.                        

                            Composition – Descriptive Essay: A Market Place

                            Comprehension : Unit 7

              Literature – Use Recommended Text. (Prose)

•             Speech Work :   / a:/

                           Comprehension : Unit 8, page 103. Every Man and Death

                           Composition : Introduction to Letter Writing and Types

.             Literature – Introduction to for folktale

•         Comprehension : Unit 9

              Composition : Features of an Informal Letter with sample model

 Literature : Introduction to Figures of Speech (Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Alliteration, Assonance)

•         Speech Work : /   /

             Grammar : Introduction to Adverbs (Features and Functions)

             Comprehension : Unit 9b page 117

             Composition : Informal Letter: Letter to your cousin, telling him about your new school

            Literature : Review of recommended text/ Figures of speech

•       Revision 
•       Test/ Examination
•       Examination

English Language Lesson Note- First Term

Topic : Organs of speech

The organs of speech are parts of the human body which are used for speech production.

The lung serves as the powerhouse from which air flows. When we speak, we breathe normally and as the stream  of air flows out from the lungs through the narrow space of the windpipe some sounds are produced. 

We produce different speech sounds with the help of the vocal cords, the  velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, teeth, lips and the tongue as the airstream flows from the lungs.

As the airstream flows from the lungs during the production of speech sounds, a special organ  called the larynx modifies the sounds. When the vocal cords are placed edge to edge, the glottis becomes  narrow and when the airstream flows, the vocal cords vibrate.

Then voiced sounds are  produced when the vocal cords are drawn apart airstream flows easily. So, the vocal cords do not  vibrate, and voiceless sounds are produced. 

All the vowels of English are voiced. A consonant sound may be ‘voiced’ or ‘voiceless’

• List all the organs of speech.
• What happens when the vocal cords are placed edge to edge during the production of a sound?
• What happens when the vocal cords are drawn apart?

Reading Assignment

Organs of speech

Reference : Oral English for Schools and Colleges. Pages 1, 2, &3

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