essay on hiv and aids in nigeria

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CONTROLLING HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA

HIV is the short form for ..........AIDS is the abbreviation for ............ it can be contacted and controlled.....

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By submitting this assignment electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS is an infectious notifiable disease of public health importance. It has posed significant public health challenge in the global population health over the years with a total of 37 million people living with HIV [1]. The Human Immunodeficeiency Virus is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, hence the term, HIV/AIDS. HIV is an RNA virus and a member of the lentiviridae family of retroviruse. Traditionally, its primary mode of transmission is through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion of infected blood or blood products, intravenous drug users, and feto-maternal circulation of infected blood from mother to child. It has a high avidity for CD-4 positive T-lymphocytes and CD-4 bearing cells such as macrophages, B-lymphocytes, haematopoietic stem cells, kupffer cells, rectal mucosal cells and microgial cells of the brain just to mention a few. The virus is able to gain access to its target cells through CCRX receptors on thes...

Recently, efforts are beginning to emerge towards halting the spread of the disease. Efforts in the areas of increase awareness, prompting of behaviour change,research on HIV/AIDS and administration of Antiretroviral Drugs are all steps in the right direction towards elimination of the scourge.

HIV-infection - Impact, Awareness and Social Implications of living with HIV/AIDS, 2011

Nigeria is made up of 36 states. Figure 1 show the map of Nigeria. Life expectancy is around 47 years. Birth rate is on average 5.45 per woman. Literacy rate is just over 68%. English is the official language. Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo) and Fulani are commonly spoken by the major ethnic groups. Nigeria is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups. The most populous and politically influential ethnic groups includes: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, and Tiv 2.5%. Nigeria is a multireligious nation. Muslims constitute 50% of the population while Christians constitute 40% while 10% practice their indigenous beliefs. British influence and control over what became Nigeria grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy and eventually independence came on October 1st, 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government faces the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. In addition, the defusing longstanding ethnic and religious tensions are a priority if Nigeria is to build a sound foundation for economic growth and political stability. Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, high rate of unemployment and poor macroeconomic management and suboptimal health infrastructure is undertaking some reforms under a new reform-minded administration. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP and 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country-and the country, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food. Despite being the largest oil producer in Africa and the 12th largest in the world (Energy Information Administration, 2007), Nigeria is ranked 158 out of 177 on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Poverty Index (UNDP, 2007). This poor development position has meant that Nigeria is faced with huge challenges in fighting its HIV and AIDS epidemic. In Nigeria, an estimated 3.6 percent of the populations are living with HIV and AIDS (UNGASS, 2010). Although HIV prevalence is much lower in Nigeria than in other African countries such as South Africa and Zambia, the size of Nigeria's population (around 149 million) means that by the end of 2009, there were 3.3 million people living with HIV (UNAIDS,2010). Approximately 220,000 people died from AIDS in Nigeria in 2009 (UNAIDS, 2010). With AIDS claiming so many lives, Nigeria's life expectancy has declined significantly. In 1991 the average life expectancy was 54 years for women and 53 years for men (WHO, 2008).In 2009 these figures had fallen to 48 for women and 46 for men (CIA World Fact book, 2010). The major sources of HIV infection in Nigeria include heterosexual transmission, through unsafe blood transfusion and from mother to child transmission. Approximately 80-95 percent of HIV infections in Nigeria are a result of heterosexual sex (UNGASS, 2010). Factors contributing to this include a lack of information about sexual health and HIV, sexual promiscuity, low levels of condom use, and high levels of sexually transmitted diseases. Women are particularly more vulnerable to HIV. In 2009 women accounted for 56 percent of all adults aged 15 and above living with the virus (UNGASS, 2010). HIV transmission through unsafe blood and blood products accounts for the second largest source of HIV infection in Nigeria (Federal Ministry of Health, 2009). Not all Nigerian hospitals have the technology to effectively screen blood and therefore there is a risk of using contaminated blood. Women and children are particularly at risk as a result of malaria and pregnancy-related anaemia. The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health have www.intechopen.com

According to the 2013 UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, globally, an estimated 35.3 (32.2–38.8) million people were living with HIV in 2012, with Sub-Saharan Africa being home to 70% of all new HIV infections in that year. In 2012, an estimated 1.6 million people in the region became newly infected; and an estimated 1.2 million adults and children died of AIDS, accounting for 75 percent of the world’s AIDS deaths in 2012 (UNAIDs, 2013: 4, 12).

International Journal of Asian Social Science

Effort should be made to promote long-term sustainability of the gains so far made in HIV/AIDS control in the state by exploring innovative financing methods such as dedicated tax levies and HIV/AIDS trust funds among other options. 5. Effort should be made to get the private sectors involved in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS in the state because the challenge is beyond the capacity of the state government. 6. The state should intensify new prevention technologies and innovation in HIV/AIDS control while the search for vaccine continued. 7. There is need to optimize the logistics system for ART procurement, distribution and utilization in the state. Effort should be made to minimize loss to follow up, poor adherence and consequent development of HIV drug resistance in the state.

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Nigeria has experienced a tremendous impact from HIV/AIDS on both a personal and societal level. The report presents a comprehensive problem overview referencing existing research, relevant literature, and expert insights. Due to HIV/AIDS, the Nigerian healthcare industry has experienced significant difficulties. With rising demand for testing, counseling, anti-retroviral medication (ART), and supportive care, the disease has strained healthcare resources. The disease has decreased production and resulted in a loss of human capital. The workforce has been impacted, which has reduced output across several industries, including agriculture. Concerns about the disease's prevalence have hurt foreign investment, preventing economic expansion and employment development. HIV/AIDS has impacted communities' social dynamics. Discrimination and stigma still exist, putting obstacles in support, treatment, and testing. The disease has put a strain on social welfare institutions, needing ...

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• Published: 21 December 2022

Thirty-five years (1986–2021) of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: bibliometric and scoping analysis

• Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu 1 ,
• Ekementeabasi Aniebo Umoh 2 ,
• Edet Effiong Asanga 3 ,
• Uwem Okon Edet 4 ,
• Michael Raymond Atim-Ebim 5 ,
• Edum Abang Tangban 6 ,
• Elizabeth Nkagafel Mbim 7 , 8 ,
• Cynthia Amarachi Odoemena 9 ,
• Victor Kanu Uno 5 ,
• Joseph Okon Asuquo 2 ,
• Otu Otu Effiom-Ekaha 5 ,
• Ogechukwu C. Dozie-Nwakile 10 ,
• Ikenna K. Uchendu 10 ,
• Chidiebere Peter Echieh 11 ,
• Kingsley John Emmanuel 1 ,
• Regina Idu Ejemot-Nwadiaro 12 ,
• Glory Mbe Egom Nja 12 ,
• Adaeze Oreh 13 ,
• Mercy Ogechi Uchenwa 8 ,
• Emmanuel Chukwuma Ufornwa 14 ,
• Ndidi Patience Nwaiwu 15 ,
• Christopher Ogar Ogar 16 ,
• Ani Nkang 4 ,
• Obinna Justice Kabiri 17 &
• F. Javier Povedano-Montero 18 , 19 , 20  

AIDS Research and Therapy volume  19 , Article number:  64 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an acquired defect of the cellular immunity associated with the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The disease has reached pandemic proportion and has been considered a public health concern. This study is aimed at analyzing the trend of HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria.

We used the PUBMED database to a conduct bibliometric analysis of HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021 employing “HIV”, “AIDS”, “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”, “Human immunodeficiency virus”, and “Nigeria” as search description. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications.

The number of scientific research articles retrieved for HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria was 2796. Original research was the predominant article type. Articles authored by 4 authors consisted majority of the papers. The University of Ibadan was found to be the most productive institution. Institutions in the United States dominated external production with the University of Maryland at the top. The most utilized journal was PLoS ONE. While Iliyasu Z. was the most productive principal author, Crowel TA. was the overall most productive author with the highest collaborative strength. The keyword analysis using overlay visualization showed a gradual shift from disease characteristics to diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Trend in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria is increasing yet evolving. Four articles were retracted while two had an expression of concern.

The growth of scientific literature in HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria was found to be high and increasing. However, the hotspot analysis still shows more unexplored grey areas in future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an acquired defect of the cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4 positive lymphocyte count of less than 200 cells/micrometer and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection [ 1 ].

The first cases of AIDS were reported in May 1981 in the United States of America by Dr. Michael Gottlieb of the Medical School of Los Angeles, United States, and was followed by an official report by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) on June 5, 1981. The first victims were five homosexual men who were suffering from unusual pneumonia called Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The causative organisms were first isolated and named Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type III (HTLV-III) in the US and Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) in France [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Specifically, Luc Montagnier and colleagues in Pasteur Institute France in 1983 first isolated the causative organism [ 5 ]. The following year (1984) Robert Gallo of the National Institute of Health isolated the causative organism (HTLV-III) [ 6 , 7 ]. At the same time, Jay Levy and colleagues at UCSF also independently isolated the virus [ 8 , 9 ]. However, Robert Gallo was the first to lay a causative link between the virus and AIDS. In May 1986, the international community on taxonomy of viruses chaired by Harold Varmus harmonized and recommended the renaming of the virus with different names to human immunodeficiency virus, following the evidence that they (HTLV-III and LAV) were genetically indistinguishable [ 10 ].

On the African Continent, HIV/AIDS was first reported in Uganda, East Africa in 1982 [ 11 ].

The first case of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria was identified in 1985 and reported at an international conference in 1986. The first two cases as reported by the Federal Ministry of Health were; a sexually active 13 year-old girl and a female commercial sex worker from a neighboring West African country [ 2 , 4 ].

Nigeria is the most populous African country and the seventh most populous in the world with an estimated population of approximately 206,139.589 people [ 12 , 13 ]. It is located within the eastern strip of West Africa with an area of 923,768 Km 2 [ 14 ]. Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and culturally diverse federation of 36 autonomous states and the Federal Capital Territory [ 15 ]. The first HIV/AIDS sentinel survey was conducted in 1991 with a prevalence of 1.8% which since then increased to 3.8% in 1993, 4.5% in 1996, 5.4% in 1999, and peaked at 5.8% in 2001. Post 2001, decline trend was observed in 2003 (5.0%), 2005 (4.4%), 2008 (4.6%), 2010 (4.1%), 2013 (3.4%) [ 16 , 17 ] (Fig.  1 ). Despite the declining prevalence/low prevalence, HIV/AIDS in Nigeria remains a public health concern. Nigeria ranks 4 th in global HIV burden with approximately 1.8 million (estimated) persons living with HIV as of 2019 [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The current national prevalence of HIV in Nigeria is 1.4% and stratification based on states showed the highest prevalence in Akwa Ibom (5.6%), Benue (4.9%), Rivers (3.8%), Taraba (2.7%) and Anambra (2.7%) and the least prevalence in Jigawa (0.3%) and Katsina (0.3%) [ 21 ] (Fig.  2 ).

Trend of HIV prevalence over the years

HIV prevalence in Nigeria by states

Bibliometric studies are relevant tools in the social and scientific evaluation of a given discipline within a specified time frame. They serve as proxy markers for the activities in a given field of research. They evaluate progress/growth and identify gaps in research [ 22 , 23 ]. The performance analysis of a selected study discipline is often done via bibliometrics and social network analysis (SNA). While the bibliometric data computes the basic outputs, the social network analysis interprets the influence of social links and interactions [ 24 ].

This study was aimed at identifying the trend as well as the contribution of Nigeria to HIV/AIDS research. The findings of this study is expected to evaluate progress and identify gaps in HIV research in Nigeria as well as give direction to areas of research and research funding.

Data source

The PUBMED database was used for the bibliometric analysis. PUBMED comprises more than 34 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals and online books [ 25 ]. Ancillary data were retrieved from Google scholar. Retraction watch database was searched to complement PUBMED on retracted articles and those with an expressions of concern [ 26 ].

Data collection

We analyzed the bibliometric data on HIV/AIDS study in the PUBMED published from January 1, 1986 to December 31, 2021. The study period was chosen on the assumption that all research on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria were published from 1986 when the disease was first reported in Nigeria. The search was performed on May 15, 2022. We made use of advanced search in PUBMED using “MESH” terms “HIV” and “AIDS” and applied the following keywords: “HIV” [Title/Abstract] OR “AIDS” [Title/Abstract] OR “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome” [Title/Abstract] OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” [Title/Abstract] AND “Nigeria” [Title/Abstract]. We retrieved all data under the above predefined search query without restriction on article type. The retrieved data were used to compute bibliometric indicators. Since PUBMED does not store citation records, we retrieved the citation information about authors and articles via Google scholar. We also re-searched PUBMED using the above search descriptors in addition to “Retraction” and Expression of concern”. We also searched the Retraction database setting the location to Nigeria. Extra detail on search query is presented in the Additional file 1 : Table S1.

Screening protocol and criteria

Only articles with focus on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria were included. Articles that were not focused on HIV/AIDS but mentioned same on passing were excluded as well as those not in Nigeria. There was no restriction on the type of article. Duplicate articles were also removed. Two review groups among the authors independently performed the article selection. Differences in opinion were settled via consensus of both grouping. The full detail of exclusion diagram is presented in the Additional file 2 : Fig. S2.

Visualization of social network analysis

We used the VOSviewer (Center for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands) version 1.6.18 to map HIV/AIDS terms and collaboration in the retrieved data from PUBMED.

Bibliometric indicators

Impact factor.

The impact factor (IF) is utilized as a measure of the journal’s influence and was originally developed by the Institute for Science Information (Philadelphia PA, USA) as a bibliometric indicator. It is updated annually in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) of Clarivate Analytics and the value is often a marker of prestige. We used JCR data of 2021.

Author/institution participation index

WE evaluated the overall 1986–2021 scientific publication in the discipline of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It is the number of documents on the topic in question (in this case HIV/AIDS in Nigeria) by an author/institution with respect to the total publications in that domain.

Keyword analysis

WE used keyword analysis to ratify the trend of discussion and research in view of the disease characteristics, pathology and treatment.

Co-authorship analysis

CO-authorship refers to the interaction of authors contributing to the particular field of study. The co-authorship of papers between authors shows collaboration [ 24 , 27 ]. The co-authorship network map as generated by VOSviewer show collaborative social network of research fields.

Bibliometric mapping

Bibliometric mapping was divided into two parts: co-authorship mapping and co-occurrence mapping. Co-authorship refers to the interactions of authors in institutions contributing to the field of study, while co-occurrence refers to relationship among keywords.

The following keys of interpretation are utilized in the visualization of co-authorship network analysis: The size of the nodes or bubbles (circles) within the network corresponds to the frequency or number of documents from an author or institution. Secondly, the lines or arcs between nodes correlate/reflect the existence and intensity of the co-authorship link. Finally, the last legend is the color of the node: VOSviewer clustering algorithm assigns the colors to the nodes based on the estimation of a measure of similarity between them. Consequently, it is safe to conclude that nodes of same color are related. Also, the shorter the distance between two (2) nodes, the closer the relationship between them [ 24 ].

Results of publication output

We retrieved 2838 publications and only included 2796 publications after removing 9 duplicate publications and 33 publications that were either not related to Nigeria (as in, mentioned Nigeria in passing) or not related to HIV/AIDS (Only mentioned in abstract background) (total of 42). Of these, 92.13% (n = 2576) were original articles, 2.79% (n = 78) were narrative reviews, while 1.14% (n = 32) were systematic reviews. Other forms of publications recorded were Case reports/Case series (0.96%), Perspectives (0.86%), Correspondence/Letters to Editor/Comments on articles (0.71%), Gazettes/Law reviews and other official publications (0.39%), Commentary (0.29%), Erratum/Corrections (0.25%), Conference /Workshop papers (0.18%), Editorials (0.14%), Books/Book chapters (0.11%) and Expressions of concern (0.03%) (Table 1 ).

The first publications (2 in number) were published in 1986. There was a slow pace of publication of HIV/AIDS related literature from then till the year 2004 when publications shot up more than 20-fold. The tempo of research since then has been sustained and has remained ≥ 150 publications per year after 2011 (Fig.  3 ).

Trend line of publication of HIV/AIDS related literature in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021

Analysis of proportion of articles by number of authors

Our result showed a large span of number of authors per document ranging from single author documents to > 10 authors per document. Furthermore, the result showed that more than half (59.66%; n = 1668) of the published articles were by collaboration of < 6 authors (Table 2 ). The document with the most authors had 324 author signatures and the most frequent number of signatures was 4.

Analysis of most productive institutions

The top most productive institutions in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria were represented in Table 3 . University of Ibadan, Nigeria was the most productive institution (n = 176), followed by the University of Lagos (n = 112), University of Nigeria Enugu (n = 97), Obafemi Awolowo University (n = 76) and others. Only the first top 8 institutions accounted for more than 25% (25.64%) of the total produced literature. Worthy of note is that University of Ibadan and its affiliated teaching hospital (University College Hospital) made the top list of the most productive institutions. Similarly, University of Nigeria Enugu and its affiliated institution (University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu) also made it to the top list. University of Maryland School of Medicine was the only foreign institution that made the top 20 list (n = 47; 1.68%). Out of the top 20 institutions, 10 are federal public universities, 6 are federal tertiary health institutions, 2 federal research institutes, 1 State university resident in Nigeria and a USA-based public land—Grant University (Table 3 ).

On account of external participating countries, institutions in the USA produced 12.84% (n = 359) of the total published literature. This was followed by South Africa, United Kingdom, Canada and Netherlands (Table 3 ). Individual analysis of the USA-based institutions showed that the University of Maryland produced 1.6% (n = 45) of the literature followed by US Centre for Disease Control (0.7%; n = 20), Harvard School of Public Health (0.50%; n = 14), Emory University (0.50%; n = 14), Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (0.46%; n = 13) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (0.39%; n = 11). Among the South African based institutions, the top productive was from University of Kwazulu—Natal (0.46%; n = 13) and University of Western Cape Town (0.23%; n = 7). The top participating institution from UK was London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (0.14%; n = 4), while that of Canada and Netherlands were University of Ottawa (0.18%; n = 5) and Maastrich University, respectively (Additional file 3 : Table S3).

Analysis of co-authorship of participating institutions

Figure  4 shows the collaborative network among institutions publishing HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria. The threshold for the mapping was set at minimum of 2 collaborations. Of the 645 qualifying institutions, only 367 (56.90%) were connected (had collaboration). The most collaborating institutions with the total link strengths are: US Military HIV Research Program (109 link strength), HJF Medical Research International Abuja (91 LS), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for advancement of Military Medicine USA (85 LS), Institute of Human Virology Abuja (58 LS) and Makerere University Walter Reeds Project Uganda (56 LS).

collaborative network among institutions publishing HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria

Among the strongest links of the US Military Research Program Include: Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland, HJF Medical Research International Abuja, Medicine University, Population Council of Nigeria Abuja, National Hospital Abuja, US Army Medical Research, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the advancement of Military Medicine and Institute of Human Virology Abuja.

However, the overall strongest collaboration (9 link strength) was found between the US Military HIV Research Program and Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland.

Analysis of sources with highest publication

Table 4 shows the sources with the highest number of HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria. PLoS ONE, Pan African Medical Journal, African Journal of Reproductive Health, AIDS Care, Nigeria Journal of Medicine, Journal of Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome, African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science, Nigeria Journal of Medical Practice, West African Journal of Medicine and African Health Science, consisted the top most productive sources. Among these, 5 of the sources had impact factor (JCR 2021). Two among them (PLoS ONE and Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) had impact factor greater than 3. Five of the journals are affiliated to Nigeria. All the journals were multidisciplinary medical journals except African Journal of Reproductive health dedicated to reproductive health and AIDS Care and Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome both dedicated to HIV/AIDS research.

Analysis of most cited articles

Table 5 shows the top 10 most cited articles on HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria. The most cited article was an article on the discriminating attitude and practice of health care workers towards patients published in PLoS Medicine while the second most cited was a randomized control trial on the use of a vaginal gel for the prevention of HIV infection published in PLoS ONE. The rest were research articles on the effectiveness of intervention methods, knowledge and attitude towards HIV infection, quality of life among HIV-infected persons and provision of outreach services. Two among the most cited articles were published in PLoS Medicine, while another 2 were published in PLoS ONE. All the articles were original research. Despite being the 9th and 8th most cited articles, the articles by Abdullahi et al . in PLOS Medicine and Swartz et al. in Lancet HIV had the highest number of citation per year; 152 citations per year and 26.5 citations per year, respectively. Next were the 2nd and 1st most cited publications in PLoS ONE and PLoS Medicine with 24 citations per year and 22 citations per year, respectively.

Analysis of most productive authors by principal author analysis

Table 6 shows the most productive authors in HIVS/AIDS-related publication in Nigeria by principal author analysis. Iliyasu Z, Folayan MO, Ogoina D, Uneke CJ, Olowookere SA, Aliyu MH, Ogunbayo A, Olakunle BO, Daniel OJ, Aliyu G and Agaba PA were the top productive first authors. Thirteen of the 15 authors are affiliated to Nigeria while the other 2 are affiliated to USA.

Overall co-authorship analysis of authors

Figure  5 shows the network of co-authors made up of authors who have published at least five (5) HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria. The network contained 316 nodes, 2522 co-authorship links, 7258 total link strength and 16 clusters.

Co-authorship network among authors publishing HIV/AIDS related articles in Nigeria

The node symbol represents an author while the node size represents activity/publications of the author, while links between the authors represent relationship between them. Exactly 78 (19.80%) of the 394 authors who met the minimum selection criteria (at least 5 publications) had no connection (collaboration).

Based on total link strength, Crowel TA (361; turquoise cluster), Okonkwo P (284; red cluster), Ndembi N (245; turquoise cluster), Nowak R (241; turquoise cluster), Baral SD (219; turquoise cluster), Dakum P (203; orange cluster), Kanki P (190; red cluster), Charurat MP (179; orange cluster), Aliyu MH (171; golden lemon cluster), Adebajo S (170; lavender cluster) and Ezeanolue E (165; green cluster) were the most influential authors in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria network. Considering the total number of co-authored articles (both as principal author and as co-authors), Crowell TA (n = 45), Okonkwo P (n = 43), Aliyu MH (n = 40), Ndembi N (n = 38), Dakum P (n = 37), Kanki PJ (n = 34), Ezeanolue E (n = 32), Nowak R (n = 31), Baral SD (n = 30) Adebajo S (n = 29) and Ake JA (n = 24) are in this order the most productive authors. Crowell TA, Okonkwo P and Ndembi N retained the position of the most co-authorship as well as the top total link strength. The three are affiliated to Uniformed Service University USA, Bingham University Nigeria and Africa CDC, respectively (Table 7 ).

Notably, Aliyu MH (of Vanderbilt University USA) retained the 6th most productive author position by principal author analysis (n = 19) as well as the 3rd most co-authored author (n = 40) while having the 10th highest total link strength. Similarly, Ezeanolue E made it on both list as the 12th most published principal author as well as the 7th most co-authored author and the 12th highest total link strength (Tables 6 and 7 ).

Keywords/hotspot analysis

Figure  6 shows hotspot analysis of author keywords used in HIV/AIDS related studies in Nigeria. Keywords appearing more than 10 times were included in the map. Exactly 120 keywords qualified for this. The network visualization stratified the keywords into 5 clusters. Cluster 1 (red) represented treatment, diagnosis, mortality, epidemiology and co-mobility. Tuberculosis (56) and prevalence (41) were the most occurring keywords in cluster 1. However, mortality had higher link strength (70) with other keywords, despite lower occurrence (21). Cluster 2 (green) focused on treatment, epidemiology and co-mobility. Diseases (104) and viral diseases were the most prominent keywords in cluster 2. Cluster 3 (blue) represented keywords associated with the modes of HIV prevention. Education (34), family planning (33), condoms (20) and barrier methods (16) were the most prominent keywords in cluster 3. Cluster 4 (yellow) represented keywords on disease characteristics and demographics. Behavior (55), and demographic factors were the most prominent keywords in cluster 4. However, behavior had the highest link strength (with other keywords) in cluster 4. Cluster 5 (purple) represented keywords associated with risk factors/mode of transmission of HIV. Sex behavior (19) and risk factors (13) were the most occurring keywords in cluster 5. Overall, keywords relating to co-mobility with tuberculosis and HIV prevalence were the most occurring keywords (Fig.  6 a).

Hotspot analysis of author keywords used in HIV/AIDS related studies in Nigeria

On the ground of different average appearing year of keywords, VOSviewer under overlay visualization marked keywords included in the map with different colors (Fig.  6 b). Keywords in blue appeared earlier than those in green and yellow. Keywords in cluster 1 and a few in cluster 5 appeared in more recent years, revealing epidemiology, antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) as current topics of discussion in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria (2018.36-2019.60) (Fig.  6 b).

Keywords such as antiretroviral therapy and PMTCT showed no links are therefore research areas still open for new researches.

Analysis of retracted articles and those with expression of concerns

Overall, our analysis found 4 retracted articles and 2 articles with expression of concern in HIV/AIDS related publications in Nigeria. Two of the retracted articles were systematic reviews published in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by Wiley Publishing Company. The other 2 were a conference paper published in Sexually Transmitted Infections (published by BMJ Publishing) and an original article published in African Journal of AIDS Research (published by Taylor & Francis). The 2 articles with expressions of concern were published in Kidney International (published by Elsevier). Most of the reasons for retractions/expressions of concerns were raised by the authors (Table 8 ).

This study provides a quantitative description of HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021 in PUBMED. The most utilized document type by the authors was original article implying that the subject matter was mostly experimental or clinical.

The trend of research output on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria showed a progressive increase and reassuring trend. However, we found that there was a sluggish growth of HIV/AIDS related literature in Nigeria until 2004 when dramatic growth was observed with an inflection point at about 2008. The earlier lag in scientific productivity could be related to the initial response to the epidemic. Balogun and colleagues [ 2 ] identified three major phases in the development of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria. First, there was an era of absolute official and personal denial of the presence of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria (1981–1986) [ 2 ]. A publication in 1987 [ 28 ] reported that government officials insisted that AIDS was non-existent in Nigeria even after 18 other African countries had reported the disease. Secondly, there was an era of skepticism and indifference (1986–1997) which was overwhelmed with misconceptions. People described AIDS literally as “American Idea to Destroy Sex” and some even bragged that Africans were immune to it. Finally, the last phase was the era of reality (1997 till date).

The core journals that served as sources for HIV/AIDS related publication in Nigeria were PLoS ONE, Pan African Medical Journal, African Journal of Reproductive Health, AIDS Care, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. These journals could possibly be avenues for future breakthroughs in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria. More so, the patronage of PLoS ONE with a high impact factor may not be unconnected to the editorial policy of the journal. PLoS ONE emphasizes scientific rigor of a research work over novelty unlike other journals within that category [ 29 ].

The article “Discriminating attitude and practice by health workers towards patients with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria” published in PLoS Medicine was the most cited article. The article was dedicated to assessing the attitude of health care workers toward HIV infected persons in Nigeria; refusal to attend to HIV/AIDS patients, suitability to attend to HIV/AIDS patients in general ward and the need to disclose HIV status to all health workers. The second most cited article was on phases 3 double-blind randomized clinical trial of a vaginal gel intended for prevention of HIV infection. The article with the most citations per year was an article published in Lancet HIV that dwelt on effect of same sex marriage. All the top 10 most cited articles were published in journals with impact factor > 3. The feat of the article published in Lancet is not surprising considering the high impact factor (16.070) and wider coverage of the journal. However, there have been counter argument on the translation of journal impact factor to individual article citation [ 30 ].

University of Ibadan, University of Lagos and University of Nigeria, Enugu and Obafemi Awolowo University were the most outstanding in terms of productivity in HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria. The above institutions have been consistently documented to occupy the top five (5) positions in researches in biotechnology research [ 31 ], Lassa fever research [ 32 ] and overall research [ 33 ]. They are among the early Federal Universities in Nigeria. The University of Ibadan is the first university in Nigeria founded as University College Ibadan (part of University of London) in 1948 and was later converted to indigenous university in 1962 [ 34 ]. It has been ranked 1st in Nigeria and 1172nd in the world (2022–2023 World University Ranking) [ 35 ]. University of Lagos is a public federal university founded in 1962, and is ranked 3rd in Nigeria and 1924th globally [ 36 ]. University of Nigeria, Enugu was formally opened in 1960 as the first indigenous university, and is ranked 2nd in Nigeria and 1775th globally [ 37 ]. The top 6 institutions are all institutions located in southern Nigeria.

Institutions in the United States dominated external publications in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria and accounted for 12.84% of all publications. Prominent among these institutions were University of Maryland USA and Centre for Disease Control. The United States has been in the forefront of HIV/AIDS research/treatment and funding in Nigeria. This has been via national and corporate funding. For instance, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has shown the highest commitment in HIV/AIDS research, diagnosis and antiretroviral therapies [ 38 , 39 ]. The AIDS Prevention Initiative (APIN) funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has offered substantial funds in the form of grants for HIV research and treatment [ 40 ]. The dominance of USA in various fields of study is well documented [ 22 , 23 ]. The United States has been reported to have committed 3.45% of her GDP to research and development (R & D) [ 41 ].

Crowel TA, Okonkwo P, Aliyu MH, Ndembi N, DakumP,Kanki P, Ezeanolue E, Nowak RG, Baral SD, Adebajo S, Charurat ME and Ake JA were the all-round most productive authors in HIV/AIDS related research in Nigeria. Collaborative link analysis presented Crowel TA, Okonkwo P, Ndenbi N, Nowak RG, Baral BD, Ake JA, Dakum P, Kanki PJ, and others as the most influential in terms of diversity of links. Prominent to note is Crowel TA who is the most productive author as well as the one with the highest collaborative strength. On the other hand, analysis of authors’ contribution based on principal author (first author) analysis showed Iliyasu Z, Folayan MO, Ogoina D, Uneke CJ, Olowookere SA, Aliyu MH, Ogunbayo A, Olakunde BO, Olley BO, Sam-Agudu MA, Lawson L, Ezeanolue EE, Daniel OJ, Aliyu G and Agaba PA to be the most productive authors. The above authors in the two categories are core to HIV research in Nigeria and are likely to have tremendous impact in HIV/AIDS research in future.

Analysis of the co-authorship collaboration network showed that Aliyu MH and Ezeanolue were the only authors in the top list of principal authors who had high link strength of collaboration. Also, most of the top authors with high collaborative strength were affiliated to institutions in the United States and some Nigerian government agencies with external funding. Only Okonkwo P of Bingham University (Private University) and Ezeanolue E (University of Nigeria) were the only top list authors from Universities in Nigeria in terms of collaboration. This observation is further corroborated by the institutional collaboration network analysis. The major collaborating institutions were USA-based institutions and externally funded federal agencies. Most of the federal universities only had inter-university collaboration and were in periphery of the network, hence, their exclusion in the network link map. There is poor funding of research in Nigeria, especially with regards to Nigerian Universities. Nigeria spends only 0.13% of her GDP on research and development (R&D) [ 41 ]. This is far below the recommended average of 2.3% by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The only major source of academic funding in Nigerian public universities is TETFUND (Tertiary Education Trust Fund) which is limited and often rationed funds based on grant applications with limited scope (and don’t even cover private universities). The bulk of research in tertiary institutions in Nigeria are self-funded by academic staff, graduate students, staff-in-training and are driven by the demand for publication towards career development [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].

The keyword analysis using overlay visualization showed a gradual shift from disease characteristics to diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The current discussions are on mapping current epidemiology, administration of antiretroviral therapy and the prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV. For instance, there have been varying current discussions on trends, predictors, spatial patterns, knowledge and the reduction of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Often, the first response to an epidemic is to characterize the disease followed by diagnosis and possible means of amelioration/cure. With no absolute curative means to HIV and poor access to ameliorative means, preventive measures have becomes the ultimate means to combat the disease especially in resource limited setting such as Nigeria.

The analysis of articles that had post-publication remarks showed 4 articles withdrawn (retracted) and 2 with an expression of concern. We observed that some of the articles continued to accumulate citations even after they were retracted. For example, the article “Higher risk sexual behavior among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Ibadan Nigeria” had 18 citations in total, 7 of which occurred after retraction on May 16, 2014. This observation supports the argument and submission of some researchers [ 51 ] that most authors do not read most of the articles they cite. Rather, they copy from an already cited page. Simkin and Roychowdhury [ 52 ] have even put a number to it by concluding in their research article “Read before you cite” that only approximately 20% of citers read the original article.

The present study may contain some limitations which are inherent in bibliometric studies. First, the criteria mapped out by the PUBMED database themselves determine the subsequent product of the studied materials. Secondly, local journals that were not indexed in PUBMED within the study period would have been missed. We might have excluded HIV/AIDS research articles in Nigeria if the authors did not include our specific search descriptors. Lastly, we were limited to use PUBMED a free to use database, we may have missed some articles indexed only elsewhere. However, we believe the output is a true representation of research trend in the study domain.

Irrespective of the inherent limitations, we believe that this study has made available a significant representation of the trends in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria. We have shown that research on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria had a slow start, possibly due to delay in accepting the reality of the disease, but has grown significantly over time. As current treatment approaches are yet to be curative, it highlights the fact that there remains enormous research potential for the future. The major collaborations were found to be from oversea institutions majorly the United States of America.

Availability of data and materials

Datasets generated and analyzed in this study are within the article. The primary source of data, PUBMED is publicly available.

Abbreviations

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

• Human immunodeficiency virus

Center for Disease Control

Human T-Lymphotropic virus Type III

Lymphadenopathy associated virus

Social Network Analysis

Journal Citation Report

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS relief

AIDS Prevention in Nigeria

Research and development

Tertiary Education Trust Fund

Organization of Economic Co-operation and development

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Acknowledgements

We would love to appreciate Mr. Saliu Babatunde Olabode for the meticulous typing of this article.

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Conceptualization: HUO; Study design: HUO, EAU and MRA; Data curation and analysis: HUO, EAU, EEA, MRA, EAT, ENB, CAO, VKU, JOA, OOE, Data interpretation: HUO, OCD, IKU, CPE, KJE, RIE, GMEN, AO, MOU, ECU, NPN, COO, AN, OJK and FJP. Data validation: RIE, AN, GMEN, AO and FJP. Figure and software analysis: HUO, NPN. Initial manuscript draft: HUO. All authors read edited and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu .

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Additional file 1: table s1.

. Search Strategy For The Study In Pubmed.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2.

. Screening protocol of retrieved data

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Table S3 . Countries with the most published articles.

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Okoroiwu, H.U., Umoh, E.A., Asanga, E.E. et al. Thirty-five years (1986–2021) of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: bibliometric and scoping analysis. AIDS Res Ther 19 , 64 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-022-00489-6

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Received : 26 July 2022

Accepted : 08 December 2022

Published : 21 December 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-022-00489-6

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Hiv And Aids Problem In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Nigeria 's communities are at hazard. The state 's population of more than 140 million people, stand foring extraordinary cultural and cultural diverseness, faces an HIV epidemic that could easy whirl out of control. Although the national HIV prevalence rate was cited at 4.4 % in NARHS 2005, this translated into more than 2.9 million people populating with the virus and in demand of services, and support, the 3rd highest load for HIV in the universe.

Nationally, the sero prevalence rates of 4.4 % in 2005 translated to over 2.9 million people populating with the virus. This located Nigeria as holding the 3rd greatest load of people infected with HIV in the universe. Over the last two decennaries, the HIV epidemic in Nigeria has gone from impacting merely a few populations with higher-risk behaviours within a 'concentrated ' epidemic in a few provinces, to a 'generalized ' epidemic in many provinces.

Size of job, how many people infected, cardinal population affected, chief path of transmittal

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Like many other states in Africa, HIV is most prevailing among the most productive members of society ( age 25-29 ) , with immature adult females, in peculiar, affected. This besides includes the sexually active age of which unprotected sex is the chief path of transmittal. The epidemic besides had a disproportional impact on adult females and misss in their generative old ages, with 4.9 % of pregnant adult females age 25-29 infected followed by adult females age 20-24 with 4.7 % . More alarming, 3.6 % of adult females age 15-19 were infected every bit good suggestion early sexual introduction.

High and early birthrate among immature adult females across Nigeria 's vast and diverse state, suggests that many more kids will besides be infected as a consequence due to rear to child transmittal. Already, more than 1.2 million kids were reported to be infected in 2005. It was estimated that 75,780 new infections would happen among kids less than15 in 2006, with the figure of child-headed families increasing due to the decease of their parents. This indicates a greater demand to associate HIV within generative wellness services to make both adult females and work forces within the general population with more antiphonal household planning, HIV proving and comprehensive PPTCT services. It besides

the demand to beef up holistic intercessions to protect vulnerable immature populations.

Cultural/Social norms in your state and how they impact on the developing state of affairs

They include low hazard perceptual experience, multiple concurrent sexual spouses, informal transactional and intergeneration sex, gender inequalities, stigma and favoritism.

Low hazard perceptual experience

The NARHS 2005 showed that 67 % of Nigerians felt no hazard for HIV and merely 29 % perceived themselves to be at hazard for HIV. Even the IBBS S 2007 showed that MARPs did non perceive themselves as being personally at hazard for HIV, despite high HIV prevalence rates among FSWs, MSM and IDUs. Low hazard for HIV among Nigerians means that they are improbable to take calls for action to forestall HIV earnestly irrespective of high cognition about the virus.

Multiple coincident spouses among work forces and adult females

Underliing multiple coincident partnerships are cultural norms that encourage polygamous relationships, peculiarly among work forces. Common patterns of holding `` indoors and outside married womans '' and social norms that assume `` all work forces are polygamous, promote work forces to hold multiple spouse to show their maleness. Even among formal polygamous relationships, where there is presumed greater protection, work forces and adult females were reportedly non ever remaining within the relationship. Women within polygamous relationship in rural countries were more likely to hold extra-marital personal businesss than among monogamously married adult females as a agency to economic security.

Informal transactional and intergeneration sex

There is a great trade of grounds that many adult females, peculiarly immature adult females, are interchanging sex for gifts, favors, and money outside of a whorehouse scene. Womans who engage in informal transactional relationships are less likely to utilize rubbers than adult females in formal commercial sex counters.

Gender inequalities that influence hazard behavior and bound entree to identify HIV and SRH services

Cultural norm in Nigeria, relegate adult females to a low-level function within matrimony and do it hard for adult females to negociate their right to safe sex or refusal of sex. This is compounded by a important age difference between hubby and married woman, peculiarly in polygamous relationships, which farther makes it hard for immature adult females to entree power in the relationship. Other cultural patterns including married woman heritage, traditional married woman sharing, early and forced matrimony, female Circumcision and sexual cleaning non merely increase adult females 's hazard for infection but besides farther undermine adult females 's right to autonomy and self finding.

Stigma and favoritism

Stigma related to HIV keeps many people from reacting tp bar, attention and intervention intercessions for HIV. It prevents Nigerians from accessing HIV proving for fright of positive consequences, unwraping their Hiv position to their spouses, and consumption of bar of parent to child transmittal services, including safe eating of new born kids.

How the cognition above might be used to undertake this job and cut down the spread of HIV/AIDS

See urban vs. rural differences in footings of entree to information, key services and literacy.

Reduce reported multiple coincident spouses among all group

Increase consistent and right rubber usage among all work forces and adult females who are sexually active, peculiarly among paid and insouciant spouses.

Increase early STI sensing, intervention and patner presentment.

Critically analyse cultural and gender values and beliefs that put work forces and adult females at hazard in their communities, and beef up male duty in generative wellness.

Reduce reported stigma and favoritism among PLWHA

Reduce reported high hazard cultural patterns.

Reinforce rights of PLWH to hold positive but safe sexual relationships.

Because of the enormous diverseness within Nigeria 's population, it is clear that as contrivers, we need to look carefully at informations within our provinces in doing strategic programs every bit good as acknowledge the diverse needs for be aftering our response. In such a dynamic environment, it is besides of import to see the drivers of Nigeria 's epidemic to guarantee that programme contrivers stay in melody with future alterations in the epidemic 's growing.

What is clear that there needs to be a co-ordinated, consonant response for bar attempts at all degrees to protect Nigeria 's communities? There is much that can be done.

The fact that 95 % of Nigerians still remain HIV free is a enormous chance for bar attempts in our communities. Not merely is our combined strength and committedness key to contending the spread of the epidemic, most of us can make a great trade to forestall ourselves from going infected and fro distributing it to others. It is already apparent that Nigerians communities, at all degrees, have made of import paces to turn to the epidemic.

The freshly launched National Prevention Plan besides strategically [ topographic points bar attempts, and within that, behaviour alteration communications as a precedence country for all spouses and has done much work to construct national consensus on the manner frontward.

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