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Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological “ Kingdom Animalia “. Animals show a wide variety over the earth which constitutes of about 7 million living species. These organisms are divided among the structural and functional activities they perform. For example, They are placed in different groups due to body symmetry they show i.e. Biradial or Radial symmetry. On the other hand, it also gives us the evolutionary relationships of the kingdom from the primitive organisms to the more advanced Mammals.

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What do all animals have in common

1) Multicellular

2) Eukaryotes

3) No cell walls

4) Heterotrophs

Informally animals are either:

Invertebrates OR Vertebrates

The animal kingdom is officially divided into 9 major groups called phyla

Invertebrates:

8 of the 9 phyla

Vertebrates:

1 of the 9 phyla

Phylum: Porifera

Glass sponge Orange elephant ear sponge

Phylum Porifera

1) All are aquatic-live in water

2) Sessile- don’t move

3) Many openings called pores

4) Many cells that live together

-few specialized cells

5) Filter feeders

- eat tiny organisms

in the water

Phylum Porifera:

6) Reproduce sexually

by exchanging egg and

sperm through water

currents or asexually

by budding.

Phylum Cnidarian:

1) Hollow body with stinging tentacles-

armlike extensions with poison barbs

2) Live in water - mostly marine (ocean)

3) Reproduce asexually by budding or sexually by releasing gametes.

Phylum Cnidarian: Examples

Hydra Sea Anemone Jellyfish

Phylum Cnidarian

All cnidarians have

stinging tentacles

with cells called

nematocyts.

Cnidarian body plans: Two types

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

1) These are the “flatworms”.

2) Soft, flattened bodies.

3) Most are parasites- get nutrition from a host and harm the host.

4) Some are free-living: do not need to live off a host organism.

Platyhelminthes

Examples of parasitic flatworms

Tape worm Flukes

Example of free living flatworm:

Planaria Can reproduce

asexually by

Phylum: Nematoda

1) Roundworms

2) Unsegmented with two

body openings- a mouth and anus

3) Many are free-living but some are parasites.

Examples: parasitic roundworm

that causes elephantiasis

Phylum Annelida:

1) Segmented worms

2) Annelida means “little rings”

3) Complex body parts, like blood vessels, nerves, excretory organs and respiratory organs.

4) Most are hermaphrodites which means that they have both male and female reproductive organs.

Free-living earthworm Parasitic leech

Phylum Mollusca

1) Soft body, some with shells

2) Foot- muscle used for movement and feeding

3) Mantle- tissue that secretes shell or covers body organs.

4) Most live in water

5) Three groups

Group 1: Bivalves

1) Have 2 shells

2) Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

Group 2: Gastropods

1) One or no shell

2) Breathe through their skin

3) Most live in water, but some on land

4) Snails and slugs

Group 3: Cephalopods

1) No shell

2) Complex eyes and deadly predators

3) Most intelligent of the the invertebrates

4) Octopus and squid

Phylum Arthropoda

1) Jointed legs and segmented bodies

2) Tough exoskeleton that doesn’t grow

3) Many different appendages- structures attached to the main body

4) 5 classes (groups)

Class 1: Crustaceans

2 body segments, 10 legs, gills, aquatic

Crayfish, lobster, shrimp and crab

Class 2: Insects

3 body segments, 6 legs, largest group of animals on earth.

ants, butterflies, bees, grasshoppers

Class 3: Arachnids

2 body segments and 8 legs, have fangs and many poisonous

Scorpions, spiders, and ticks

All spiders have

spinnerets- part that

produces the silk for

Class 4: Chilopods

many segments with 2 legs per segment, carnivores

Class 5: Diplopods

many segments with 4 legs per segment, herbivores

Phylum Echinodermata

1) Spiny skinned

2) Tube feet- suction cups that allow

them to move by attaching to

4) Radial symmetry

Sea cucumber, starfish, sea urchin

Vertebrate Notes

The remaining animals all belong to the same phylum: Chordata

Most of the animals in this group are called Vertebrates

Vertebrates have an internal skeleton and backbone called a vertebra

Phylum Chordata

1) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord which develops into the spinal cord

2) Have a notocord- long supporting rod that runs through the chordates body below the nerve cord.

3) Developed brain and nervous system

4) Pharyngeal pouches; May develop into gills or closes up on animals that breathe with lungs.

The notochord becomes The dorsal, hollow

the vertebrates skeleton nerve cord develops

into the spinal cord

The pharyngeal pouches or “gill slits” remain open in fish but close up in other chordates.

Most chordates have tails, but some have lost them during embryonic development

Nonvertebrate chordates

Two small groups that do not have backbones but have the other characteristics.

Soft bodied, marine animals

Tunicate Lancelet

7 groups of vertebrates

1) Jawless fish

skeleton of cartilage and no jaw

Lamprey eel Hagfish

2) Cartilaginous fish

skeletons of cartilage and have jaws

Sharks Manta rays

3) Bony fish

bony skeleton and jaws- most common of fish

Sea horse walleye goldfish

4) Amphibians

1) Adapted to life in wet places. Must go to water to reproduce.

2) Smooth, moist skin

3) Ectothermic- body temperature is controlled by the environment

4) toad, frogs, salamanders

Group 5: Reptiles

Scaly skin, ectothermic, lay amniotic eggs on land

turtles crocodile snakes

Group 6: Birds

Lay amniotic eggs on land, feathers

Endothermic- maintains constant body temp.

Group 7: Mammals

Hair or fur, live births, endothermic, produce milk for young.

Watch the animal video below and take 10 notes

Kingdom Animalia

Jul 20, 2014

960 likes | 3.43k Views

Kingdom Animalia. Origin of Animals Characteristics Classification ( Developmental Milestones) . Origin of Animalia. Ancestral Photosynthetic Eukaryote. Ancestral Prokaryote. Ancestral Heterotrophic Eukaryote. Origin of Animalia.

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• animal kingdom
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Presentation Transcript

Kingdom Animalia Origin of Animals Characteristics Classification (Developmental Milestones)

Origin of Animalia Ancestral Photosynthetic Eukaryote Ancestral Prokaryote Ancestral Heterotrophic Eukaryote

Origin of Animalia The animal kingdom includes not only great diversity amongst the current living species… but an even greater diversity of extinct ones as well! • The common ancestor of living animals: • May have lived 1.2 billion–800 million years ago • - May have resembled modern choanoflagellates, which are animal- like protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

Origin of Animalia Our common ancestor… was probably itself a colonial, flagellated protist. Somatic cells Digestive Cavity Reproductive cells Hollow sphere of unspecialized cells (shown in cross section) Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells Beginning of cell specialization Infolding Gastrula-like “protoanimal”

Origin of Animalia Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–524 Million Years Ago) - Early members of the animal fossil record include the Ediacaran fauna

Origin of Animalia Paleozoic Era (542–251 Million Years Ago) - The Cambrian explosion - Marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

Origin of Animalia Mesozoic Era (251– 65.5 Million Years Ago) - Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates - Coral reefs emerged, becoming important marine ecological niches for other organisms

Origin of Animalia • Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present) • Mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals at the beginning of the era. • - Modern mammal orders and insects diversified during the Cenozoic

The Animal Kingdom... … extends far beyond humans and other animals we may encounter! Common characteristics of animals: • heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes they cannot make their own food so they must ingest other organisms. • have no cell walls, just a cell membrane layer surrounding the cell contents • have two types of tissues onlyfound in animals: nervousandmuscle • most animals reproduce sexually and diploid (2n) stage is dominant • have a coelom(internal body cavity)

Classification of Animals Animals are categorized according to structural and developmental similarities A) Structural similarities: 1. The symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it Radial symmetry The parts of a radial animal, such as a sea anemone or jellyfish (phylum Cnidaria), radiate from the center. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images.

Classification of Animals Bilateral symmetry A bilateral animal, such as a lobster (phylum Arthropoda), has a left side and a right side. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves.

Classification of Animals 2. Presence of a coelom, internal body cavity, or not Body covering (from ectoderm) • Acoelomate • ex. flatworms • lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall. Tissue-filled region (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Coelom • Coelomate • ex. annelids • have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm)

Classification of Animals B) Developmental similaries: 1. Embryonic patterns of cell movement and specification • After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote is formed. • The zygote undergoes a series of developmental phases to become an embryo. This includes: I. Cleavage- cells divide such that one big zygote cell becomes many smaller cells with identical copies of genetic information, forming a hollow blastula II. Gastrulation: cells from the outside immigrate inward forming embryonic tissue layers (the embryo is now called a gastrula) Zygote Eight-cell stage embryo Blastula The re-organization of these cells is what resulted in the formation of internal “cavity” (coelom/organ) Gastrula Gastrulation

Classification of Animals 2. Specification of blastopore: Mouth or Anus Eight-cell stage embryo Protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods) Mouthdevelops from blastopore (the opening where cells immigrate internally) Gastrulation Deuterostomes(echinoderms, chordates) Anusdevelops from blastopore (the opening where cells immigrate internally) Fate of blastopore

Classification of Animals 3. Segmentation Repeating parts: (annelids, arthropods) - Worms (annelids) have segments that are all very similar except for a distinct head and tail - Insects (arthropods) have different segments like head, thorax and abdomen Limbs: legs/arms, flippers, & wings Animals with bilateral symmetry tend to have paired limbs, external appendages that extend from the bodies.

Classification of Animals 4. Presence of backbone, or not • Vertebrates: • - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • have a skull and a backbone. • skeletal features protect the animal’s nervous system • skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord • Invertebrates: • sea anemones, sea stars, sea urchins • live in moist habitat and do not have backbone nor skull.

Classification of Animals 5. Presence of lungs, or not Lungs: - bony fish (i.e. Lungfish), reptiles and land animals - have lungs or lung derivatives (air sacs) that allow them to inhale air or give fish buoyancy. • No lungs: • - sharks, ray fish, lampreys • do not have lungs. • respire through gills.

Classification of Animals 6. Development of waterproof eggs • Amniotes: • - reptiles and land animals) • lay waterproof egg with a shell, which allow vertebrates to reproduce on land. • - In mammals, the shell-covered egg is replaced by internal embryo development Embryo Amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients) Shell Albumin

Classification of Animals 7. Modification of scales • Scaly animals: • - reptiles (i.e. Iguanas, snakes) • scaly skin is sensitive to heat • Being cold blooded, scales help them absorb sunrays and maintain their body temperature. • Fur, hair and feathers: • land mammals (i.e. Gorilla), birds (i.e. Peacock) • Birds and mammals generate body heat from cell metabolism so they do not need to absorb sunrays. - Fur, hair and feathers are to help them keep body heat from escaping

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