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International Trade Case Study

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International Trade Case Study Note: there are TWO PARTS Article Reading & Questions Directions: Read the following two articles & then answer the questions below the second article. Be sure to write in complete sentences. Article 1: The Problem with Tariffs Michigan’s Thumb-based sugar industry is being especially stubborn right now. The American consumer is the target, along with struggling farmers overseas. A new free trade proposal is on the table in Washington. It’s called CAFTA, for Central American Free Trade Agreement. The idea is to reduce tariff barriers between the United States and six small nations south of Mexico, which already has a trade pact with us. The issue of our high tariff on sugar looms large in this round of talks because it is a major agricultural product in that region. Through the years, the amount of our sugar supply that is imported has shrunk from 45 percent to 12 percent because of the tariff. With no levy, it is estimated that $1 billion worth of sugar would be imported, much of it from Central America. And shelf prices of sugar here probably would decline by about 20 percent... The current sugar tariff isn’t (even) doing the United States or Michigan any good, either. After generations there, the Lifesaver plant recently moved to Canada from the western Michigan city of Holland to escape the extra cost. Makers of sweets in general are leaving the country or shutting down. And the beet fields on the fine, flat land of Michigan surely could be planted in something else. Through the years, the sugar beet industry has shrunk, without apparent great harm, from a major presence in central and southeastern Michigan to the confines of our famous Thumb area. How has sugar escaped lowered tariffs despite years of new free trade pacts? The explanation is that members of Congress from major sugar-producing states, such as Florida, Louisiana and Michigan, simply have managed to hold enough legislation hostage to extract continued protection of sugar producers’ pocketbooks. A decreased reliance on domestic sugar would cost jobs in sugar and corn-syrup sweeteners industries. The total would be about 270,000 nationally, about 20,000 of them sugar-related. But that would be a blip in a workforce of some 140 million. Then there are the jobs lost as candy companies leave the country. We surely have learned from the auto industry that retaining basically unproductive jobs for the sake of keeping jobs is a step on the road to ruin. Meanwhile, our tariffs keep the cost of sugar for U. consumers at about 2 times the world, free- market price, which transfers some $2 billion annually from consumers to sugar producers. And what national purpose involving security of economic growth does that serve? The answer is no purpose at all. Article 2: Concerns About Sugar U. Rep. Tom Osborne, after siding with a two-vote House majority to approve a controversial trade agreement with Central American countries, said Thursday he feared the sugar industry would suffer reprisals (consequences) if the pact failed. Osborne, whose district includes western Nebraska sugar beet growers, said he had heard suggestions from Bush administration officials that the industry’s lack of flexibility on trade could hurt it when federal farm programs are rewritten next year.... All but 27 Republicans voted for the bill; all but 15 Democrats voted against it... It was a major victory for the Bush administration which had to push hard for the bill and fend off claims by critics that the pact would harm American workers. “CAFTA helps ensure that free trade is fair trade,” the president said in a statement after the vote. “By lowering trade barriers to American goods in Central American markets to a level now enjoyed by their goods in the U., this agreement will level the playing field and help American workers, farmers, and small businesses.” U. sugar prices are dependent on a government program that limits the amount of sugar on the market. The trade agreement, known as CAFTA, would allow companies from five Central American countries

International Trade Case Study Note: there are TWO PARTS and the Dominican Republic to export up to 100,000 metric tons of sugar duty-free to the United States per year. Industry officials fear that allowing that amount, while relatively small, would set a precedent for future trade negotiations and that imports could eventually undermine the U. price of sugar. To make sure that doesn’t happen soon, Johanns said, over the next two years the Agriculture Department would purchase sugar imported from Central America, the Dominican Republic and Mexico and dedicate it to making ethanol or would give the countries commodities to keep sugar at home. Questions to Answer 1. Do consumers in the United States pay more or less for sugar than other countries? Why? a. COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWER HERE 2. CAFTA contained what concession toward the U. domestic sugar industry? a. COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWER HERE 3. Do you agree or disagree that this trade agreement sets a precedent for the U. sugar industry to be hurt by future trade agreements? Why? a. COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWER HERE

• Multiple Choice

Course : North Carolina History (HIS 236)

University : nash community college.

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International Trade 5

• Harvard Case Studies

Harvard Business Case Studies Solutions – Assignment Help

In most courses studied at Harvard Business schools, students are provided with a case study. Major HBR cases concerns on a whole industry, a whole organization or some part of organization; profitable or non-profitable organizations. Student’s role is to analyze the case and diagnose the situation, identify the problem and then give appropriate recommendations and steps to be taken.

To make a detailed case analysis, student should follow these steps:

STEP 1: Reading Up Harvard Case Study Method Guide:

Case study method guide is provided to students which determine the aspects of problem needed to be considered while analyzing a case study. It is very important to have a thorough reading and understanding of guidelines provided. However, poor guide reading will lead to misunderstanding of case and failure of analyses. It is recommended to read guidelines before and after reading the case to understand what is asked and how the questions are to be answered. Therefore, in-depth understanding f case guidelines is very important.

Harvard Case Study Solutions

porter’s five forces model

STEP 2: Reading The International Trade 5 Harvard Case Study:

To have a complete understanding of the case, one should focus on case reading. It is said that case should be read two times. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. Initial reading is to get a rough idea of what information is provided for the analyses. Then, a very careful reading should be done at second time reading of the case. This time, highlighting the important point and mark the necessary information provided in the case. In addition, the quantitative data in case, and its relations with other quantitative or qualitative variables should be given more importance. Also, manipulating different data and combining with other information available will give a new insight. However, all of the information provided is not reliable and relevant.

When having a fast reading, following points should be noted:

• Nature of organization
• Nature if industry in which organization operates.
• External environment that is effecting organization
• Problems being faced by management
• Identification of communication strategies.
• Any relevant strategy that can be added.
• Control and out-of-control situations.

When reading the case for second time, following points should be considered:

• Decisions needed to be made and the responsible Person to make decision.
• Objectives of the organization and key players in this case.
• The compatibility of objectives. if not, their reconciliations and necessary redefinition.
• Sources and constraints of organization from meeting its objectives.

After reading the case and guidelines thoroughly, reader should go forward and start the analyses of the case.

STEP 3: Doing The Case Analysis Of International Trade 5:

To make an appropriate case analyses, firstly, reader should mark the important problems that are happening in the organization. There may be multiple problems that can be faced by any organization. Secondly, after identifying problems in the company, identify the most concerned and important problem that needed to be focused.

Firstly, the introduction is written. After having a clear idea of what is defined in the case, we deliver it to the reader. It is better to start the introduction from any historical or social context. The challenging diagnosis for International Trade 5 and the management of information is needed to be provided. However, introduction should not be longer than 6-7 lines in a paragraph. As the most important objective is to convey the most important message for to the reader.

After introduction, problem statement is defined. In the problem statement, the company’s most important problem and constraints to solve these problems should be define clearly. However, the problem should be concisely define in no more than a paragraph. After defining the problems and constraints, analysis of the case study is begin.

STEP 4: SWOT Analysis of the International Trade 5 HBR Case Solution:

• Pest analysis

SWOT analysis helps the business to identify its strengths and weaknesses, as well as understanding of opportunity that can be availed and the threat that the company is facing. SWOT for International Trade 5 is a powerful tool of analysis as it provide a thought to uncover and exploit the opportunities that can be used to increase and enhance company’s operations. In addition, it also identifies the weaknesses of the organization that will help to be eliminated and manage the threats that would catch the attention of the management.

This strategy helps the company to make any strategy that would differentiate the company from competitors, so that the organization can compete successfully in the industry. The strengths and weaknesses are obtained from internal organization. Whereas, the opportunities and threats are generally related from external environment of organization. Moreover, it is also called Internal-External Analysis.

In the strengths, management should identify the following points exists in the organization:

• Advantages of the organization
• Activities of the company better than competitors.
• Unique resources and low cost resources company have.
• Activities and resources market sees as the company’s strength.
• Unique selling proposition of the company.

WEAKNESSES:

• Improvement that could be done.
• Activities that can be avoided for International Trade 5.
• Activities that can be determined as your weakness in the market.
• Factors that can reduce the sales.
• Competitor’s activities that can be seen as your weakness.

OPPORTUNITIES:

• Good opportunities that can be spotted.
• Interesting trends of industry.
• Change in technology and market strategies
• Government policy changes that is related to the company’s field
• Changes in social patterns and lifestyles.
• Local events.

Following points can be identified as a threat to company:

• Company’s facing obstacles.
• Activities of competitors.
• Product and services quality standards
• Threat from changing technologies
• Financial/cash flow problems
• Weakness that threaten the business.

Following points should be considered when applying SWOT to the analysis:

• Precise and verifiable phrases should be sued.
• Prioritize the points under each head, so that management can identify which step has to be taken first.
• Apply the analyses at proposed level. Clear yourself first that on what basis you have to apply SWOT matrix.
• Make sure that points identified should carry itself with strategy formulation process.
• Use particular terms (like USP, Core Competencies Analyses etc.) to get a comprehensive picture of analyses.

STEP 5: PESTEL/ PEST Analysis of International Trade 5 Case Solution:

Pest analyses is a widely used tool to analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and legal situations which can provide great and new opportunities to the company as well as these factors can also threat the company, to be dangerous in future.

Pest analysis is very important and informative.  It is used for the purpose of identifying business opportunities and advance threat warning. Moreover, it also helps to the extent to which change is useful for the company and also guide the direction for the change. In addition, it also helps to avoid activities and actions that will be harmful for the company in future, including projects and strategies.

To analyze the business objective and its opportunities and threats, following steps should be followed:

• Brainstorm and assumption the changes that should be made to organization. Answer the necessary questions that are related to specific needs of organization
• Analyze the opportunities that would be happen due to the change.
• Analyze the threats and issues that would be caused due to change.
• Perform cost benefit analyses and take the appropriate action.

PEST FACTORS:

• Next political elections and changes that will happen in the country due to these elections
• Strong and powerful political person, his point of view on business policies and their effect on the organization.
• Strength of property rights and law rules. And its ratio with corruption and organized crimes. Changes in these situation and its effects.
• Change in Legislation and taxation effects on the company
• Trend of regulations and deregulations. Effects of change in business regulations
• Timescale of legislative change.
• Other political factors likely to change for International Trade 5.

ECONOMICAL:

• Position and current economy trend i.e. growing, stagnant or declining.
• Exchange rates fluctuations and its relation with company.
• Change in Level of customer’s disposable income and its effect.
• Fluctuation in unemployment rate and its effect on hiring of skilled employees
• Access to credit and loans. And its effects on company
• Effect of globalization on economic environment
• Considerations on other economic factors

SOCIO-CULTURAL:

• Change in population growth rate and age factors, and its impacts on organization.
• Effect on organization due to Change in attitudes and generational shifts.
• Standards of health, education and social mobility levels. Its changes and effects on company.
• Employment patterns, job market trend and attitude towards work according to different age groups.

case study solutions

• Social attitudes and social trends, change in socio culture an dits effects.
• Religious believers and life styles and its effects on organization
• Other socio culture factors and its impacts.

TECHNOLOGICAL:

• Any new technology that company is using
• Any new technology in market that could affect the work, organization or industry
• Access of competitors to the new technologies and its impact on their product development/better services.
• Research areas of government and education institutes in which the company can make any efforts
• Changes in infra-structure and its effects on work flow
• Existing technology that can facilitate the company
• Other technological factors and their impacts on company and industry

These headings and analyses would help the company to consider these factors and make a “big picture” of company’s characteristics. This will help the manager to take the decision and drawing conclusion about the forces that would create a big impact on company and its resources.

STEP 6: Porter’s Five Forces/ Strategic Analysis Of The International Trade 5 Case Study:

To analyze the structure of a company and its corporate strategy, Porter’s five forces model is used. In this model, five forces have been identified which play an important part in shaping the market and industry. These forces are used to measure competition intensity and profitability of an industry and market.

porter’s five forces model

These forces refers to micro environment and the company ability to serve its customers and make a profit. These five forces includes three forces from horizontal competition and two forces from vertical competition. The five forces are discussed below:

• THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS:
• as the industry have high profits, many new entrants will try to enter into the market. However, the new entrants will eventually cause decrease in overall industry profits. Therefore, it is necessary to block the new entrants in the industry. following factors is describing the level of threat to new entrants:
• Barriers to entry that includes copy rights and patents.
• High capital requirement
• Government restricted policies
• Switching cost
• Access to suppliers and distributions
• Customer loyalty to established brands.
• THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES:
• this describes the threat to company. If the goods and services are not up to the standard, consumers can use substitutes and alternatives that do not need any extra effort and do not make a major difference. For example, using Aquafina in substitution of tap water, Pepsi in alternative of Coca Cola. The potential factors that made customer shift to substitutes are as follows:
• Price performance of substitute
• Switching costs of buyer
• Products substitute available in the market
• Reduction of quality
• Close substitution are available
• DEGREE OF INDUSTRY RIVALRY:
• the lesser money and resources are required to enter into any industry, the higher there will be new competitors and be an effective competitor. It will also weaken the company’s position. Following are the potential factors that will influence the company’s competition:
• Competitive advantage
• Continuous innovation
• Sustainable position in competitive advantage
• Level of advertising
• Competitive strategy
• BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS:
• it deals with the ability of customers to take down the prices. It mainly consists the importance of a customer and the level of cost if a customer will switch from one product to another. The buyer power is high if there are too many alternatives available. And the buyer power is low if there are lesser options of alternatives and switching. Following factors will influence the buying power of customers:
• Bargaining leverage
• Switching cost of a buyer
• Buyer price sensitivity
• Competitive advantage of company’s product
• BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS:
• this refers to the supplier’s ability of increasing and decreasing prices. If there are few alternatives o supplier available, this will threat the company and it would have to purchase its raw material in supplier’s terms. However, if there are many suppliers alternative, suppliers have low bargaining power and company do not have to face high switching cost. The potential factors that effects bargaining power of suppliers are the following:
• Input differentiation
• Impact of cost on differentiation
• Strength of distribution centers
• Input substitute’s availability.

STEP 7: VRIO Analysis of International Trade 5:

Vrio analysis for International Trade 5 case study identified the four main attributes which helps the organization to gain a competitive advantages. The author of this theory suggests that firm must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and perfectly non sustainable. Therefore there must be some resources and capabilities in an organization that can facilitate the competitive advantage to company. The four components of VRIO analysis are described below: VALUABLE: the company must have some resources or strategies that can exploit opportunities and defend the company from major threats. If the company holds some value then answer is yes. Resources are also valuable if they provide customer satisfaction and increase customer value. This value may create by increasing differentiation in existing product or decrease its price. Is these conditions are not met, company may lead to competitive disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to continually review the International Trade 5 company’s activities and resources values. RARE: the resources of the International Trade 5 company that are not used by any other company are known as rare. Rare and valuable resources grant much competitive advantages to the firm. However, when more than one few companies uses the same resources and provide competitive parity are also known as rare resources. Even, the competitive parity is not desired position, but the company should not lose its valuable resources, even they are common. COSTLY TO IMITATE: the resources are costly to imitate, if other organizations cannot imitate it. However, imitation is done in two ways. One is duplicating that is direct imitation and the other one is substituting that is indirect imitation. Any firm who has valuable and rare resources, and these resources are costly to imitate, have achieved their competitive advantage. However, resources should also be perfectly non sustainable. The reasons that resource imitation is costly are historical conditions, casual ambiguity and social complexity. ORGANIZED TO CAPTURE VALUE: resources, itself, cannot provide advantages to organization until it is organized and exploit to do so. A firm (like International Trade 5)  must organize its management systems, processes, policies and strategies to fully utilize the resource’s potential to be valuable, rare and costly to imitate.

STEP 8: Generating Alternatives For International Trade 5 Case Solution:

After completing the analyses of the company, its opportunities and threats, it is important to generate a solution of the problem and the alternatives a company can apply in order to solve its problems. To generate the alternative of problem, following things must to be kept in mind:

• Realistic solution should be identified that can be operated in the company, with all its constraints and opportunities.
• as the problem and its solution cannot occur at the same time, it should be described as mutually exclusive
• it is not possible for a company to not to take any action, therefore, the alternative of doing nothing is not viable.
• Student should provide more than one decent solution. Providing two undesirable alternatives to make the other one attractive is not acceptable.

Once the alternatives have been generated, student should evaluate the options and select the appropriate and viable solution for the company.

STEP 9: Selection Of Alternatives For International Trade 5 Case Solution:

It is very important to select the alternatives and then evaluate the best one as the company have limited choices and constraints. Therefore to select the best alternative, there are many factors that is needed to be kept in mind. The criteria’s on which business decisions are to be selected areas under:

• Improve profitability
• Increase sales, market shares, return on investments
• Customer satisfaction
• Brand image
• Corporate mission, vision and strategy
• Resources and capabilities

Alternatives should be measures that which alternative will perform better than other one and the valid reasons. In addition, alternatives should be related to the problem statements and issues described in the case study.

STEP 10: Evaluation Of Alternatives For International Trade 5 Case Solution:

If the selected alternative is fulfilling the above criteria, the decision should be taken straightforwardly. Best alternative should be selected must be the best when evaluating it on the decision criteria. Another method used to evaluate the alternatives are the list of pros and cons of each alternative and one who has more pros than cons and can be workable under organizational constraints.

STEP 11: Recommendations For International Trade 5 Case Study (Solution):

There should be only one recommendation to enhance the company’s operations and its growth or solving its problems. The decision that is being taken should be justified and viable for solving the problems.

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Case Studies in Successful International Trade

International trade can be a path to prosperity if managed well. By looking at case studies from different countries, we can learn about the strategies that led to success and the challenges that needed to be overcome. These stories show how collaboration, innovation, and determination can help nations thrive in the global market.

Key Takeaways

Government and industry collaboration is essential for overcoming trade barriers.

Innovative strategies can help countries navigate complex trade regulations.

Effective stakeholder coordination can lead to better trade policy outcomes.

Strategic legal actions can protect national interests in international trade.

Market selection and entry strategies are crucial for successful global expansion.

Navigating Trade Barriers: Lessons from the Indonesian Shrimp Industry

The Indonesian shrimp industry has faced numerous challenges in the global market, particularly with stringent import regulations. These regulations often fall under the WTO's Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), which are designed to protect human, animal, and plant life from risks. However, these measures can also act as significant barriers to trade, especially for developing countries like Indonesia.

Understanding Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures are rules and standards aimed at ensuring food safety and protecting animal and plant health. For the Indonesian shrimp industry, complying with these measures is crucial for accessing international markets. Even legitimate SPS barriers can result in total import prohibitions , making it essential for exporters to understand and meet these standards.

Overcoming Compliance Challenges

Compliance with SPS measures often requires significant investment in infrastructure, technology, and training. Indonesian shrimp exporters have had to upgrade their facilities and processes to meet the stringent requirements of markets like the EU. This includes improving traceability systems , which help in tracking the shrimp from farm to table, ensuring that they meet all safety standards.

The Role of Government-Industry Collaboration

Effective collaboration between the government and the shrimp industry has been key to overcoming these trade barriers. The Indonesian government has worked closely with shrimp exporters to provide the necessary support and resources. This includes offering training programs, improving regulatory frameworks, and facilitating better communication between all stakeholders involved.

The Power of Coordination: Insights from India's Shrimp Export Success

India's shrimp export industry has become a global success story, thanks to effective coordination between the government and the private sector. This collaboration has helped the industry navigate complex international trade barriers and achieve significant growth.

Building Effective Government-Industry Partnerships

One of the key factors in India's shrimp export success is the strong partnership between the government and industry stakeholders. This partnership has enabled the industry to address challenges such as compliance with international standards and market access issues. By working together, the government and industry have been able to develop and implement strategies that support the growth of the shrimp export sector.

Leveraging WTO Frameworks for Market Access

India has effectively utilized the frameworks provided by the World Trade Organization (WTO) to gain market access for its shrimp exports. The WTO's agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) have been particularly important. These agreements help ensure that India's shrimp exports meet the necessary health and safety standards, allowing them to compete in international markets.

Case Study: India's Strategic Response to Trade Barriers

In response to trade barriers, India has adopted a strategic approach that involves close coordination between the government and industry. For example, when faced with the EU's stringent SPS measures , the Indian government and shrimp industry worked together to ensure compliance.

This included improving the quality of shrimp production and implementing better control measures to meet the EU's standards. As a result, India was able to maintain its market access and continue to grow its shrimp exports.

From Frustration to Triumph: The Story of South Korea's Television Exports

South Korea's journey in the television export market is a tale of resilience and strategic maneuvering. The country faced significant challenges, particularly from anti-dumping measures imposed by other nations. However, through strategic legal battles and effective government-industry collaboration, South Korea turned these obstacles into opportunities for growth and global integration.

The Impact of Anti-Dumping Measures

Anti-dumping measures are trade barriers imposed by a country to protect its domestic industries from foreign companies selling products at unfairly low prices. In the 1980s, South Korea's color television industry was hit hard by such measures from the United States. These actions not only affected the industry's profitability but also posed a threat to its survival in the global market.

Strategic Legal Battles in International Trade

South Korea decided to challenge the anti-dumping measures through the World Trade Organization (WTO). This decision required close collaboration between government officials and business leaders. The preparation for the dispute was intense, demanding a thorough understanding of international trade laws and meticulous documentation. The successful resolution of this case boosted South Korea's confidence in participating in global trade.

Lessons Learned from South Korea's WTO Dispute

The WTO dispute taught South Korea valuable lessons. Firstly, it highlighted the importance of government-industry collaboration in addressing trade barriers. Secondly, it demonstrated that strategic legal battles could not only resolve immediate issues but also enhance a country's long-term trade policy. Lastly, the experience fostered a more positive view of globalization among South Korean stakeholders, encouraging them to engage more actively in the global economy.

In conclusion, South Korea's experience with television exports underscores the power of resilience, strategic planning, and collaboration in overcoming international trade challenges.

Innovative Solutions in Trade: Papua New Guinea's Approach

Overcoming institutional constraints.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces significant challenges in maintaining its membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Despite having the largest economy among the Pacific Islands, the burdens of membership are heavy. However, PNG has found unique ways to address these constraints. With support from donors like Australia and the EU, PNG and other Pacific Islands have established a Joint Representative Office in Geneva. This office helps them manage their administrative resources more effectively.

Innovative Strategies for Trade Policy Implementation

PNG has adopted several innovative strategies to implement its trade policies. One key approach is the collaboration between government and industry. This partnership has enabled PNG to navigate complex trade regulations and improve its market access. Additionally, PNG has leveraged technology to streamline its trade processes, making them more efficient and transparent.

Case Study: Papua New Guinea's Unique Solutions

A notable example of PNG's innovative solutions is its response to the EU's health ban on traditional kava root products. The Joint Representative Office in Geneva played a crucial role in addressing this issue. By working closely with other Pacific Island nations, PNG was able to present a united front and effectively negotiate with the EU. This collaboration not only protected their multi-million dollar kava exports but also strengthened their position in the global market.

PNG's approach to overcoming trade barriers and implementing effective trade policies serves as a valuable lesson for other developing economies. By fostering collaboration and leveraging innovative strategies, PNG has successfully navigated the complexities of international trade.

The Role of Stakeholders in Trade Policy: Examples from Kenya and Malawi

Stakeholders play a crucial role in shaping trade policy, especially in developing countries like Kenya and Malawi. Their involvement can make or break the success of trade initiatives. Let's explore some key aspects of stakeholder engagement in these nations.

Challenges in Stakeholder Coordination

In Kenya, the National Committee for the WTO (NCWTO) is responsible for coordinating stakeholder input. However, this committee faces several challenges. Without political commitment, funding, and legal status , the committee struggles to make impactful decisions. The private sector's inconsistent participation further complicates matters. Despite these issues, the NCWTO has managed to increase private-sector awareness of the WTO.

In Malawi, the situation is similar. Stakeholders are often disappointed with their representation in the WTO. The lack of coordination and technical assistance hampers their ability to understand and engage effectively in trade negotiations.

The Importance of Political Commitment and Funding

Political commitment and funding are essential for effective stakeholder coordination. In Kenya, the NCWTO's efforts are limited due to a lack of these critical resources. For stakeholders to have a meaningful impact, the government must prioritize funding and provide legal backing to these committees.

In Malawi, the need for better coordination of technical assistance is evident. Aid for trade can support economic growth and sustainable development, but only if there is a concerted effort to improve stakeholder engagement.

Case Study: Kenya's National Committee for the WTO

Kenya's NCWTO serves as a valuable case study. Despite its shortcomings, the committee has had a positive impact on disseminating information and raising awareness about the WTO among private-sector stakeholders. The committee's large and hierarchical structure, along with its heavy meeting agenda, poses challenges. However, with increased political commitment and funding, the NCWTO could become a more effective platform for stakeholder engagement.

In summary, the experiences of Kenya and Malawi highlight the critical role of stakeholders in trade policy. By addressing coordination challenges and ensuring political commitment and funding, these countries can better leverage their trade opportunities.

Expanding Global Reach: Illy's Coffee Franchise Strategy

Illy, founded in Trieste, Italy, has marketed a unique blend of coffee drinks in over 140 countries and in more than 50,000 of the world’s best restaurants and coffeehouses. The company aimed to expand its own franchised coffee bar , Espressamente, through international expansion. Potential markets included Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The managing director of Espressamente knew that global expansion meant prioritizing markets, but where did the greatest potential lie? In addition to market selection, mode of entry was vital and included options such as exporting, franchising, and joint ventures. This case provides a practical example of the challenges faced in international business.

Adapting to Change: Post-Brexit Trade Strategies in the UK

Navigating new trade regulations.

After Brexit, the UK faced a new set of trade rules. Businesses had to quickly adapt to these changes to keep trading smoothly. Understanding these new regulations was crucial for companies to avoid delays and extra costs. For example, UK exports and imports of goods have grown by less than for the EU27 countries since 2016. This is not due to the downturn but to the new trade barriers.

Building Resilience in Supply Chains

Supply chains were heavily impacted by Brexit. Companies needed to find ways to make their supply chains more resilient. This meant looking for new suppliers, changing logistics, and sometimes even moving parts of their operations. A strong supply chain can help a business survive unexpected changes.

Case Study: Brexit Readiness at a UK Food Producer

One UK food producer took proactive steps to prepare for Brexit. They reviewed their entire supply chain, identified potential risks, and developed strategies to mitigate them. This included stockpiling essential ingredients and finding alternative suppliers. Their efforts paid off, as they were able to continue operations without major disruptions.

In wrapping up, it's clear that the success of international trade often hinges on factors beyond just global rules and agreements. While the WTO provides a framework, the real game-changers are the decisions made at home. Countries that thrive in global trade usually have strong coordination between their governments and private sectors. They also show a willingness to adapt and innovate. On the flip side, those that struggle often face issues like poor communication and lack of resources.

These case studies highlight that success in international trade is a team effort, requiring input from various stakeholders, including businesses, government agencies, and civil society. Ultimately, the key takeaway is that while international rules set the stage, it's the homegrown strategies and collaborations that drive success.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are trade barriers.

Trade barriers are rules or regulations that make it harder for countries to trade with each other. These can include tariffs, quotas, and strict standards for products.

How do sanitary and phytosanitary measures affect trade?

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures are rules to keep food, animals, and plants safe from diseases and pests. They can make it harder for some countries to export their products if they can't meet these safety standards.

What role does the government play in international trade?

Governments help by making trade agreements, setting rules, and sometimes helping industries meet international standards. They can also work with other countries to solve trade problems.

Why is coordination important in international trade?

Coordination between the government and businesses helps make sure everyone is on the same page. It helps solve problems faster and makes it easier to meet international trade rules.

What is anti-dumping?

Anti-dumping is when a country tries to stop another country from selling products at very low prices that hurt local businesses. They might add extra taxes to those imported goods to make it fairer.

How did Brexit affect trade in the UK?

Brexit changed the rules for how the UK trades with other countries. Businesses had to learn new rules and find new ways to get their products to other markets.

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