conceptual framework in research example input process output

How To Make Conceptual Framework (With Examples and Templates)

We all know that a research paper has plenty of concepts involved. However, a great deal of concepts makes your study confusing.

A conceptual framework ensures that the concepts of your study are organized and presented comprehensively. Let this article guide you on how to make the conceptual framework of your study.

Related: How to Write a Concept Paper for Academic Research

Table of Contents

At a glance: free conceptual framework templates.

Too busy to create a conceptual framework from scratch? No problem. We’ve created templates for each conceptual framework so you can start on the right foot. All you need to do is enter the details of the variables. Feel free to modify the design according to your needs. Please read the main article below to learn more about the conceptual framework.

Conceptual Framework Template #1: Independent-Dependent Variable Model

Conceptual framework template #2: input-process-output (ipo) model, conceptual framework template #3: concept map, what is a conceptual framework.

A conceptual framework shows the relationship between the variables of your study.  It includes a visual diagram or a model that summarizes the concepts of your study and a narrative explanation of the model presented.

Why Should Research Be Given a Conceptual Framework?

Imagine your study as a long journey with the research result as the destination. You don’t want to get lost in your journey because of the complicated concepts. This is why you need to have a guide. The conceptual framework keeps you on track by presenting and simplifying the relationship between the variables. This is usually done through the use of illustrations that are supported by a written interpretation.

Also, people who will read your research must have a clear guide to the variables in your study and where the research is heading. By looking at the conceptual framework, the readers can get the gist of the research concepts without reading the entire study. 

Related: How to Write Significance of the Study (with Examples)

What Is the Difference Between Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework?

Both of them show concepts and ideas of your study. The theoretical framework presents the theories, rules, and principles that serve as the basis of the research. Thus, the theoretical framework presents broad concepts related to your study. On the other hand, the conceptual framework shows a specific approach derived from the theoretical framework. It provides particular variables and shows how these variables are related.

Let’s say your research is about the Effects of Social Media on the Political Literacy of College Students. You may include some theories related to political literacy, such as this paper, in your theoretical framework. Based on this paper, political participation and awareness determine political literacy.

For the conceptual framework, you may state that the specific form of political participation and awareness you will use for the study is the engagement of college students on political issues on social media. Then, through a diagram and narrative explanation, you can show that using social media affects the political literacy of college students.

What Are the Different Types of Conceptual Frameworks?

The conceptual framework has different types based on how the research concepts are organized 1 .

1. Taxonomy

In this type of conceptual framework, the phenomena of your study are grouped into categories without presenting the relationship among them. The point of this conceptual framework is to distinguish the categories from one another.

2. Visual Presentation

In this conceptual framework, the relationship between the phenomena and variables of your study is presented. Using this conceptual framework implies that your research provides empirical evidence to prove the relationship between variables. This is the type of conceptual framework that is usually used in research studies.

3. Mathematical Description

In this conceptual framework, the relationship between phenomena and variables of your study is described using mathematical formulas. Also, the extent of the relationship between these variables is presented with specific quantities.

How To Make Conceptual Framework: 4 Steps

1. identify the important variables of your study.

There are two essential variables that you must identify in your study: the independent and the dependent variables.

An independent variable is a variable that you can manipulate. It can affect the dependent variable. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the resulting variable that you are measuring.

You may refer to your research question to determine your research’s independent and dependent variables.

Suppose your research question is: “Is There a Significant Relationship Between the Quantity of Organic Fertilizer Used and the Plant’s Growth Rate?” The independent variable of this study is the quantity of organic fertilizer used, while the dependent variable is the plant’s growth rate.

2. Think About How the Variables Are Related

Usually, the variables of a study have a direct relationship. If a change in one of your variables leads to a corresponding change in another, they might have this kind of relationship.

However, note that having a direct relationship between variables does not mean they already have a cause-and-effect relationship 2 . It takes statistical analysis to prove causation between variables.

Using our example earlier, the quantity of organic fertilizer may directly relate to the plant’s growth rate. However, we are not sure that the quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for the plant’s growth rate changes.

3. Analyze and Determine Other Influencing Variables

Consider analyzing if other variables can affect the relationship between your independent and dependent variables 3 .

4. Create a Visual Diagram or a Model

Now that you’ve identified the variables and their relationship, you may create a visual diagram summarizing them.

Usually, shapes such as rectangles, circles, and arrows are used for the model. You may create a visual diagram or model for your conceptual framework in different ways. The three most common models are the independent-dependent variable model, the input-process-output (IPO) model, and concept maps.

a. Using the Independent-Dependent Variable Model

You may create this model by writing the independent and dependent variables inside rectangles. Then, insert a line segment between them, connecting the rectangles. This line segment indicates the direct relationship between these variables. 

Below is a visual diagram based on our example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and a plant’s growth rate. 

b. Using the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model

If you want to emphasize your research process, the input-process-output model is the appropriate visual diagram for your conceptual framework.

To create your visual diagram using the IPO model, follow these steps:

• Determine the inputs of your study . Inputs are the variables you will use to arrive at your research result. Usually, your independent variables are also the inputs of your research. Let’s say your research is about the Level of Satisfaction of College Students Using Google Classroom as an Online Learning Platform. You may include in your inputs the profile of your respondents and the curriculum used in the online learning platform.
• Outline your research process. Using our example above, the research process should be like this: Data collection of student profiles → Administering questionnaires → Tabulation of students’ responses → Statistical data analysis.
• State the research output . Indicate what you are expecting after you conduct the research. In our example above, the research output is the assessed level of satisfaction of college students with the use of Google Classroom as an online learning platform.
• Create the model using the research’s determined input, process, and output.

Presented below is the IPO model for our example above.

c. Using Concept Maps

If you think the two models presented previously are insufficient to summarize your study’s concepts, you may use a concept map for your visual diagram.

A concept map is a helpful visual diagram if multiple variables affect one another. Let’s say your research is about Coping with the Remote Learning System: Anxiety Levels of College Students. Presented below is the concept map for the research’s conceptual framework:

5. Explain Your Conceptual Framework in Narrative Form

Provide a brief explanation of your conceptual framework. State the essential variables, their relationship, and the research outcome.

Using the same example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and the growth rate of the plant, we can come up with the following explanation to accompany the conceptual framework:

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of the organic fertilizer used is the independent variable, while the plant’s growth is the research’s dependent variable. These two variables are directly related based on the research’s empirical evidence.

Conceptual Framework in Quantitative Research

You can create your conceptual framework by following the steps discussed in the previous section. Note, however, that quantitative research has statistical analysis. Thus, you may use arrows to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship in your model. An arrow implies that your independent variable caused the changes in your dependent variable.

Usually, for quantitative research, the Input-Process-Output model is used as a visual diagram. Here is an example of a conceptual framework in quantitative research:

Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Corn (Zea mays) Silk Ethanol Extract as an Antioxidant

Conceptual Framework in Qualitative Research

Again, you can follow the same step-by-step guide discussed previously to create a conceptual framework for qualitative research. However, note that you should avoid using one-way arrows as they may indicate causation . Qualitative research cannot prove causation since it uses only descriptive and narrative analysis to relate variables.

Here is an example of a conceptual framework in qualitative research:

Research Topic : Lived Experiences of Medical Health Workers During Community Quarantine

Conceptual Framework Examples

Presented below are some examples of conceptual frameworks.

Research Topic : Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract in the Blood Glucose Level of Swiss Mice (Mus musculus)

Figure 1 presents the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of gabi leaf extract is the independent variable, while the Swiss mice’s blood glucose level is the study’s dependent variable. This study establishes a direct relationship between these variables through empirical evidence and statistical analysis . 

Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Using Social Media in the Political Literacy of College Students

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The input is the profile of the college students according to sex, year level, and the social media platform being used. The research process includes administering the questionnaires, tabulating students’ responses, and statistical data analysis and interpretation. The output is the effectiveness of using social media in the political literacy of college students.

Research Topic: Factors Affecting the Satisfaction Level of Community Inhabitants

Figure 1 presents a visual illustration of the factors that affect the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. As presented, environmental, societal, and economic factors influence the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. Each factor has its indicators which are considered in this study.

Tips and Warnings

• Please keep it simple. Avoid using fancy illustrations or designs when creating your conceptual framework. 
• Allot a lot of space for feedback. This is to show that your research variables or methodology might be revised based on the input from the research panel. Below is an example of a conceptual framework with a spot allotted for feedback.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. how can i create a conceptual framework in microsoft word.

First, click the Insert tab and select Shapes . You’ll see a wide range of shapes to choose from. Usually, rectangles, circles, and arrows are the shapes used for the conceptual framework. 

Next, draw your selected shape in the document.

Insert the name of the variable inside the shape. You can do this by pointing your cursor to the shape, right-clicking your mouse, selecting Add Text , and typing in the text.

Repeat the same process for the remaining variables of your study. If you need arrows to connect the different variables, you can insert one by going to the Insert tab, then Shape, and finally, Lines or Block Arrows, depending on your preferred arrow style.

2. How to explain my conceptual framework in defense?

If you have used the Independent-Dependent Variable Model in creating your conceptual framework, start by telling your research’s variables. Afterward, explain the relationship between these variables. Example: “Using statistical/descriptive analysis of the data we have collected, we are going to show how the <state your independent variable> exhibits a significant relationship to <state your dependent variable>.”

On the other hand, if you have used an Input-Process-Output Model, start by explaining the inputs of your research. Then, tell them about your research process. You may refer to the Research Methodology in Chapter 3 to accurately present your research process. Lastly, explain what your research outcome is.

Meanwhile, if you have used a concept map, ensure you understand the idea behind the illustration. Discuss how the concepts are related and highlight the research outcome.

3. In what stage of research is the conceptual framework written?

The research study’s conceptual framework is in Chapter 2, following the Review of Related Literature.

4. What is the difference between a Conceptual Framework and Literature Review?

The Conceptual Framework is a summary of the concepts of your study where the relationship of the variables is presented. On the other hand, Literature Review is a collection of published studies and literature related to your study. 

Suppose your research concerns the Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract on Swiss Mice (Mus musculus). In your conceptual framework, you will create a visual diagram and a narrative explanation presenting the quantity of gabi leaf extract and the mice’s blood glucose level as your research variables. On the other hand, for the literature review, you may include this study and explain how this is related to your research topic.

5. When do I use a two-way arrow for my conceptual framework?

You will use a two-way arrow in your conceptual framework if the variables of your study are interdependent. If variable A affects variable B and variable B also affects variable A, you may use a two-way arrow to show that A and B affect each other.

Suppose your research concerns the Relationship Between Students’ Satisfaction Levels and Online Learning Platforms. Since students’ satisfaction level determines the online learning platform the school uses and vice versa, these variables have a direct relationship. Thus, you may use two-way arrows to indicate that the variables directly affect each other.

• Conceptual Framework – Meaning, Importance and How to Write it. (2020). Retrieved 27 April 2021, from https://afribary.com/knowledge/conceptual-framework/
• Correlation vs Causation. Retrieved 27 April 2021, from https://www.jmp.com/en_ph/statistics-knowledge-portal/what-is-correlation/correlation-vs-causation.html
• Swaen, B., & George, T. (2022, August 22). What is a conceptual framework? Tips & Examples. Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-framework/

Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

in Career and Education , Juander How

Jewel Kyle Fabula

Jewel Kyle Fabula graduated Cum Laude with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman. He is also a nominee for the 2023 Gerardo Sicat Award for Best Undergraduate Thesis in Economics. He is currently a freelance content writer with writing experience related to technology, artificial intelligence, ergonomic products, and education. Kyle loves cats, mathematics, playing video games, and listening to music.

Browse all articles written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

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[3 Examples & Templates] Conceptual Framework, How to Make One

• Updated March 1, 2024

In preparing your research paper, you will need to write the conceptual framework of your study. The conceptual framework steers the whole research activity.

It serves as a “map” or “rudder” that will guide you toward realizing your research objective or intent.

So, how do you prepare one? After reading this article, you’ll understand better what a conceptual framework is. You’ll also see a couple of examples and templates that you can use as a guide for your own research.

What is a conceptual framework?

A conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of the literature on how to explain a phenomenon. It maps out the actions required in the course of the study, given his previous knowledge of other researchers’ points of view and his observations on the subject of research.

In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher’s understanding of how the particular  variables in his study connect. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research investigation. It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investigation.

Understand that in explaining complex relationships, the easiest, simplest, and most effective way of delivering them is through a “conceptual framework.”

Note though that conceptual frameworks do not always have to be in the scientific literature. Even the average person can create their own. However, truly scientific and authoritative ones are typically found in scientific literature.

Moreover, researchers do not just create conceptual frameworks out of nowhere. They conduct comprehensive reviews of literature that support their conceptual framework, which makes their conceptual frameworks even more credible.

Why would you need one?

Imagine your study as a long journey with the research result as the destination. You don’t want to get lost in your journey because of the complicated concepts involved. This is why you need to have a guide. The conceptual framework keeps you on track by presenting and simplifying the relationship between the variables

Also, people who will read your research must have a clear guide to the variables in your study and where the research is heading. Just by looking at the conceptual framework, the readers can get the gist of the research concepts without reading the entire study. 

Conceptual framework vs theoretical framework

While both of them show the concepts and ideas of your study, the conceptual framework lies within a much broader framework theoretical framework.

The theoretical framework draws support from time-tested theories that embody many researchers’ findings on why and how a particular phenomenon occurs. presents the theories, rules, and principles that serve as the basis of the research. 

On the other hand, the conceptual framework shows a specific approach derived from the theoretical framework. It provides specific variables and shows how these variables are related.

Let’s say your research is about the  Effects of Social Media on the Political Literacy of College Students.  You may include in your theoretical framework some theories related to political literacy, political participation, and awareness.

For the conceptual framework, you may state that the specific form of political participation and awareness you will use for the study is the engagement of college students on political issues on social media. Then, through a diagram and narrative explanation, you can show that using social media affects the political literacy of college students.

Different types of conceptual frameworks

The conceptual framework has different types based on how the research concepts are organized.

In this type of conceptual framework, the phenomena of your study are grouped together into categories without presenting the relationship among them. The point of this type of conceptual framework is to distinguish the categories from one another.

Visual Presentation

In this type of conceptual framework, the relationship between the phenomena and variables of your study is presented. Using this conceptual framework implies that your study provides empirical evidence to prove the relationship between variables.

This is the type of conceptual framework that is usually used in research studies.

Mathematical Description

In this type of conceptual framework, the relationship between phenomena and variables of your study is described using mathematical formulas. Also, the extent of the relationship between these variables is presented in specific quantities. 

How to make a conceptual framework

Before you prepare your conceptual framework, you need to do the following things:

Choose your topic

Decide on what will be your research topic. The topic should be within your field of specialization.

As a researcher, there are many aspects of the world you can choose to investigate. However, the critical thing to consider is that not all the world’s resources are available to us.

Moreover, the research may also be time-bound. As such, one should choose a topic that they consider to be comprehensively achieved within the resources they have and within the allotted time.

Make your research question

Unlike the topic, which can be a broad area of study, the research question must be specific. The exact aspects of who, what, where, how, and why have to be clearly laid out. This is where one of the most important aspects of your conceptual framework will come in.

The research question is a clear and arguable question which is where your research will revolve. Your research question should be one that you are truly curious about to have a concise conceptual framework.

The research question is an essential part of your conceptual framework and your overall research, which puts the focus and path of your study. It avoids the chance of getting lost as you write the paper.

Do a literature review

Review relevant and updated research on the theme that you decide to work on after scrutiny of the issue at hand. Preferably use peer-reviewed, and well-known scientific journals as these are reliable sources of information.

The purpose of having a literature review is to let you and your readers know about the existing ideas and information on your chosen topic; and the weak and strong points of it.

Some of the key things you should remember when doing the review of literature are that it should be: connected to the topic; synthesize the results of the publications you have read; and recognize the areas where there is a lack of information or insufficient evidence to prove the claim.

Having a review of the literature narrows down what you will be putting in your conceptual framework.

Identify the important variables of your study and their relationship

There are two important variables that you must identify in your study: the independent and the dependent variables.

An independent variable is a variable that you can manipulate. It can affect the dependent variable. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the resulting variable that you are measuring.

You may refer to your research question to determine your research’s independent and dependent variables.

Suppose that your research question is: “ Is There a Significant Relationship Between the Quantity of Organic Fertilizer Used and the Growth Rate of the Plant?”  The independent variable of this study is the quantity of organic fertilizer used while the dependent variable is the growth rate of the plant.

Usually, the variables of a study have a direct relationship. If a change in one of your variables leads to a corresponding change in another variable, then they might have this kind of relationship.

However, note that having a direct relationship between variables does not mean that they already have a cause-and-effect relationship. It takes statistical analysis to prove causation between variables.

Using our example earlier, the quantity of organic fertilizer may have a direct relationship to the growth rate of the plant. However, we are not yet certain that the quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for the changes in the growth rate of the plant.

Generate the conceptual framework

Build your conceptual framework using your mix of the variables from the scientific articles you have read. Your problem statement or research objective serves as a reference for constructing it. In effect, your study will attempt to answer the question that other researchers have not explained yet. Your research should address a  knowledge gap .

Conceptual Framework in quantitative research

You can create your conceptual framework by following the same steps discussed in the previous section. Note, however, that  quantitative research has statistical analysis . Thus, you may now use arrows to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship in your model. An arrow implies that your independent variable caused the changes in your dependent variable.

Usually, for quantitative research, the Input-Process-Output model is used as a visual diagram. Here is an example of a conceptual framework in quantitative research:

Research Topic :  Level of Effectiveness of Corn (Zea mays) Silk Ethanol Extract as an Antioxidant

Conceptual Framework in qualitative research

Again, you can follow the same step-by-step guide discussed previously to create a conceptual framework for qualitative research. However, take note that you should  avoid using one-way arrows as they may indicate causation . Qualitative research is not able to prove causation since it uses only descriptive and narrative analysis to relate variables.

Here is an example of a conceptual framework in qualitative research:

Research Topic :  Lived Experiences of Medical Health Workers During Community Quarantine

Conceptual Framework samples

Conceptual Framework Sample 1 with Research Topic : Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract in the Blood Glucose Level of Swiss Mice (Mus musculus)

Sample 1: The quantity of gabi leaf extract is the independent variable while the blood glucose level of the Swiss mice is the dependent variable of the study. Through the empirical evidence and statistical analysis presented in this study, a direct relationship between these variables is established. 

Conceptual Framework Sample 2 with Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Using Social Media in the Political Literacy of College Students

Sample 2: The input is the profile of the college students according to sex, year level, and the social media platform being used. The research process includes administering the questionnaires, tabulation of students’ responses, and statistical analysis of the data and interpretation. The output is the level of effectiveness of using social media in the political literacy of college students.

Conceptual Framework Sample 3 with Research Topic : Factors Affecting the Satisfaction Level of Community Inhabitants

Sample 3: Presents a visual illustration of the factors that affect the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. As presented, environmental factors, societal factors, and economic factors influence the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. Each factor has its indicators which are considered by this study.

Non-academic conceptual framework example

Background:  Peter is a co-owner of a fine-dining restaurant here in the Philippines.

1. Choose your topic

Peter is interested to know what affects the satisfaction of their customers. The goal is to know what specific parts of the business can influence the customers’ experience.

2. Make your research question

The research question the researcher can formulate is “What are the factors that can affect customer satisfaction with dining in Peter’s restaurant?”

3. Conduct a review of the literature

Read up on different publications related to food establishments, specifically fine dining, menu, and customer satisfaction.

From here, the researcher already has an idea of the variables he can pinpoint from those publications that have been proven to affect customer satisfaction.

4. Choose your variables

With all the books, scholarly articles, and research being done, it can be determined that there are three main variables: food taste, speed of service, and staff performance.

Customers are very much concerned with the taste of the product. The amount of time it takes to serve them also affects how pleased or displeased they are. Lastly, the performance of the staff that serves also affects their experience.

5. Choose your relationships

In this example, there are three variables: food taste, speed of service, and staff performance are determining factors of customer satisfaction.

6. Create the conceptual framework

Tips and warnings

• Keep it simple.  Avoid using fancy illustrations or designs when creating your conceptual framework. 
• Allot a space for feedback.  This is to show that your research variables or methodology might be revised based on the feedback of the research panel. Shown below is an example of a conceptual framework with a spot allotted for feedback.

Conceptual Framework templates

• Independent-dependent variable model
• Input-process-output model
• Concept Map

How to explain my conceptual framework in defense?

In what stage of research is the conceptual framework written, conceptual framework vs literature review, when do i use a two-way arrow for my conceptual framework, you may also like.

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Tanim Talino

How can we make an Input-Process-Output (IPO) Conceptual Framework?

Bumalik sa Filipino version

@tanimtalino Replying to @marcangelosoria99 input process output framework 🙂 #researchtip #eduwow #pinoyscience ♬ original sound – tanimtalino – Tanim Talino

Are you finding it difficult to create a conceptual framework for your research project? Don’t worry! In this article, we’ll discuss how to construct an Input-Process-Output (IPO) conceptual framework that can guide your STEM research. Just follow these steps:

• Identify the Output

Firstly, you need to determine what output or dependent variable is relevant to your research question. For instance, if your research revolves around the effects of different types of fertilizer on plant growth, your output would be a measure of plant growth (such as length).

• Pinpoint the Inputs

Visualize your output as the product of a machine. What ingredients need to be fed into this machine to generate the output? These elements are your inputs. In our example, the inputs would be the different types of fertilizer you intend to test. You can also consider the amount of fertilizer added.

• Describe the Process

Next, you need to describe the machine, which is the process that generates the output from the inputs. In our given example, the process would be the act of planting the seeds and applying different types of fertilizer.

• Consolidate Everything Into a Figure

Finally, you should consolidate all the identified outputs, inputs, and processes into a single figure. This figure is your Input-Process-Output (IPO) conceptual framework. The process should be placed in the center of the figure, with the inputs on the left, and the output on the right.

The output or dependent variable is the result you aim to discover in your research.

The inputs are the elements that you are manipulating or testing in your experiment.

The process is the method or steps you’re employing to obtain the output from the inputs.

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Common Example of Conceptual Framework

Business administration (bsba), colegio de dagupan.

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Preview text

Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model (IV-DV). The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO).

Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model (IV-DV)

● This conceptual framework shows the independent and dependent variables of the study. It is presumed that the more number of hours a student prepares for the exam, the higher would be the expected academic performance.

The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO)

● This conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output approach of the study. outcome based on the results of the study. ● The input is the independent variable, which includes thesocio-demographic and food safety profile of the respondents. The process includes the tools and analyses in gathering the data, while the output is the outcome based on the results of the study.

Example 1: Research Title: Effect of Mentoring Program on Academic Performance among Senior High School Students

● In this conceptual framework, it is expected that the students who underwent the mentoring program will have better academic performance than those who did not. Example 2: Research Title: Awareness on the Safety Precaution against COVID 19 among the Senior Citizens who are living in the Home Care Facilities: Basis for a Proposed Intervention Program

• Multiple Choice

Course : Business Administration (BSBA)

University : colegio de dagupan, this is a preview.

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IResearchNet

Input-Process-Output Model

Much of the work in organizations is accomplished through teams. It is therefore crucial to determine the factors that lead to effective as well as ineffective team processes and to better specify how, why, and when they contribute. Substantial research has been conducted on the variables that influence team effectiveness, yielding several models of team functioning. Although these models differ in a number of aspects, they share the commonality of being grounded in an input-process-output (IPO) framework. Inputs are the conditions that exist prior to group activity, whereas processes are the interactions among group members. Outputs are the results of group activity that are valued by the team or the organization.

The input-process-output model has historically been the dominant approach to understanding and explaining team performance and continues to exert a strong influence on group research today. The framework is based on classic systems theory, which states that the general structure of a system is as important in determining how effectively it will function as its individual components. Similarly, the IPO model has a causal structure, in that outputs are a function of various group processes, which are in turn influenced by numerous input variables. In its simplest form, the model is depicted as the following:

Input —> Process —> Output

Inputs reflect the resources that groups have at their disposal and are generally divided into three categories: individual-level factors, group-level factors, and environmental factors. Individual-level factors are what group members bring to the group, such as motivation, personality, abilities, experiences, and demographic attributes. Examples of group-level factors are work structure, team norms, and group size. Environmental factors capture the broader context in which groups operate, such as reward structure, stress level, task characteristics, and organizational culture.

Processes are the mediating mechanisms that convert inputs to outputs. A key aspect of the definition is that processes represent interactions that take place among team members. Many different taxonomies of teamwork behaviors have been proposed, but common examples include coordination, communication, conflict management, and motivation.

In comparison with inputs and outputs, group processes are often more difficult to measure, because a thorough understanding of what groups are doing and how they complete their work may require observing members while they actually perform a task. This may lead to a more accurate reflection of the true group processes, as opposed to relying on members to self-report their processes retrospectively. In addition, group processes evolve over time, which means that they cannot be adequately represented through a single observation. These difficult methodological issues have caused many studies to ignore processes and focus only on inputs and outputs. Empirical group research has therefore been criticized as treating processes as a “black box” (loosely specified and unmeasured), despite how prominently featured they are in the IPO model. Recently, however, a number of researchers have given renewed emphasis to the importance of capturing team member interactions, emphasizing the need to measure processes longitudinally and with more sophisticated measures.

Indicators of team effectiveness have generally been clustered into two general categories: group performance and member reactions. Group performance refers to the degree to which the group achieves the standard set by the users of its output. Examples include quality, quantity, timeliness, efficiency, and costs. In contrast, member reactions involve perceptions of satisfaction with group functioning, team viability, and personal development. For example, although the group may have been able to produce a high-quality product, mutual antagonism may be so high that members would prefer not to work with one another on future projects. In addition, some groups contribute to member well-being and growth, whereas others block individual development and hinder personal needs from being met.

Both categories of outcomes are clearly important, but performance outcomes are especially valued in the teams literature. This is because they can be measured more objectively (because they do not rely on team member self-reports) and make a strong case that inputs and processes affect the bottom line of group effectiveness.

Steiner’s Formula

Consistent with the IPO framework, Ivan Steiner derived the following formula to explain why teams starting off with a great deal of promise often end up being less than successful:

Actual productivity = potential productivity – process loss

Although potential productivity is the highest level of performance attainable, a group’s actual productivity often falls short of its potential because of the existence of process loss. Process loss refers to the suboptimal ways that groups operate, resulting in time and energy spent away from task performance. Examples of process losses include group conflict, communication breakdown, coordination difficulty, and social loafing (group members shirking responsibility and failing to exert adequate individual effort). Consistent with the assumptions of the IPO model, Steiner’s formula highlights the importance of group processes and reflects the notion that it is the processes and not the inputs (analogous to group potential) that create the group’s outputs. In other words, teams are a function of the interaction of team members and not simply the sum of individuals who perform tasks independently.

Limitations of the IPO Model

The major criticism that has been levied against the IPO model is the assumption that group functioning is static and follows a linear progression from inputs through outputs. To incorporate the reality of dynamic change, feedback loops were added to the original IPO model, emanating primarily from outputs and feeding back to inputs or processes. However, the single-cycle, linear IPO path has been emphasized in most of the empirical research. Nevertheless, in both theory and measurement, current team researchers are increasingly invoking the notion of cyclical causal feedback, as well as nonlinear or conditional relationships.

Although the IPO framework is the dominant way of thinking about group performance in the teams literature, relatively few empirical studies have been devoted to the validity of the model itself. In addition, research directly testing the input-process-output links has frequently been conducted in laboratory settings, an approach that restricts the number of relevant variables that would realistically occur in an organization. However, although the IPO model assumes that process fully mediates the association between inputs and outputs, some research has suggested that a purely mediated model may be too limited. Therefore, alternative models have suggested that inputs may directly affect both processes and outputs.

Without question, the IPO model reflects the dominant way of thinking about group performance in the groups literature. As such, it has played an important role in guiding research design and encouraging researchers to sample from the input, process, and output categories in variable selection. Recent research is increasingly moving beyond a strictly linear progression and incorporating the reality of dynamic change. In addition, alternatives to the traditional IPO model have been suggested in which processes are not purely mediated.

References:

• Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 315-342). New York: Prentice Hall.
• Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M., & Jundt, D. (2005). Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 517-543.
• Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
• Group Dynamics
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Conceptual framework

The document provides information about conceptual frameworks including: - It defines a conceptual framework as a graphical presentation showing the key components and relationships in a research study. - It discusses different purposes of conceptual frameworks such as showing the organization of a study and clarifying relationships between variables. - It provides examples of common conceptual framework models including input-process-output, independent-dependent variable, and criterion-predictor models. Read less

More Related Content

• 1. ©MELINA V. KAHULUGAN, 2019 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• 2. CONTENT: Learning from others and Reviewing the Literature CONTENT STANDARD: The formulation of conceptual framework PERFORMANCE STANDARD: Formulate clearly conceptual framework, research hypotheses (if appropriate). LEARNING COMPETENCIES: Illustrates and explain conceptual framework
• 3. OBJECTIVES: •To explain the meaning of conceptual framework •Clarify the difference between a conceptual framework and a theoretical framework •Justify the essence of a conceptual framework
• 4. Let’s recall! •Two forms of Research Problem: ID •Two approaches to Quantitative Research Questions: DI
• 5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
• 6. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM •A drawing showing all significant components, parts, or tasks (and their interconnections) of a circuit, device, flow, process, or project by means of standard symbols. Schematic diagrams for a project may also be used for preparing preliminary cost estimates.
• 7. GROUP ACTIVITY: •Choose your Workshop Leader •Fill up the activity form of a piece of paper with your names and signature •Create and build the tallest structure using only one bond paper. •You will present your structure to the other teams providing its brief presentation. •You will only have 5 minutes to build the structure.
• 8. Rubric Criteria Score Stand the tallest/design (The tallest and the design is clear) 3 Firmness (The structure is firm from the base) 2 Concise and clarity of report (weakness and strength of structure is described) 3 Time (Accomplished on time) 2
• 9. PRESENTATION AND FEEDBACKS •Each group presents their output and hear from the other workshop leaders their feedback •The workshop leader of the assigned group reporting should discuss the weakness and strength of their structure in 1 minute only.
• 10. DEBRIEFING: 1. How did you come up with your structure? 2. What do you think were the reasons why you came up with the strength of your structure? How about the weaknesses?
• 11. DEBRIEFING: 3. What could be the relationship of this activity to our research conceptual framework? 4. How do you understand now conceptual framework?
• 12. DEBRIEFING: 5. What do you think is the purpose of this conceptual framework in the research? 6. How does it clarify the relationships of each variable in the research?
• 13. •INTERCONNECTION (interrelationships) •PRELIMINARY “COST ESTIMATE” SPECIFIED VARIABLES
• 14. A FRAMEWORK…. •A framework is similar to a skeleton; it is a basic structure or a frame of reference (Webster, 2016) •A skeleton gives shape, form and strength to the body so it can stand erect.
• 15. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK •It is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research as well as on the relationships of these elements with one another.
• 16. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK •It is a graph or non-prose material, specifically, a schematic diagram that shows a well-ordered elements of the research.
• 17. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK •Giving a careful constructed arrangement of the components of your study, conceptual framework is abroad outline or plan to give shape to your research. (Shields & Rangarjan 2013)
• 18. PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK •It shows the organization, order, and direction of your research study. •It enables the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research. •It gives us the notion on the research activities we want to perform.
• 19. PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK •It serves as the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships with one another in research study. •It is useful in illustrating the relationships among the variables.
• 20. CONCEPT MAP •Made up of varied figures: lines, boxes, and other marks or symbols representing your concepts on these varied features of your research – research question, review of related literature, research methodology, and variables, among others – a conceptual framework, looks like a map showing the main features of a plan or project plus the relationship between or among the features or variables in the research.
• 21. EXAMPLE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH STUDY RESEARCH TOPIC: “Improving Critical Thinking through Systematic Functional Grammar” Systematic Functional Grammar or SFG is a modern language theory which states that man’s critical thinking increases whenever he uses language for these reasons: first, for ideational function or for knowledge acquisition; second, for interpersonal function or creating human relationships, and third, for textual function or for strategic and coherent expression of ideas. In this case, the IV are the SFG components(ideational, interpersonal and textual functions) and the DV is critical thinking. Here is the conceptual framework to present the concepts underlying this study. (Ravich & Riggan 2012)
• 22. A Sample Conceptual Framework SYSTEMATIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR Interpersonal Function Ideational Function Textual Function Critical Thinking
• 23. Conceptual Framework vs Theoretical Framework CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - All your plans, concepts, ideas about the many aspects of your research shown and clarified graphically and verbally. - Enables the readers to clearly see in their minds the basic structure of the research and the relationships of variables and other factual things involved in the study. - Gives and explains the theories, principles, generalizations, and research findings, which some connection to your research study. - Makes people know and understand evidence-based truths, concepts, speculations, and assumptions underlying each aspect of the research and the
• 24. POINTERS IN WRITING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual framework. 2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your own understanding of the elements and of the relationships of the research features. 3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the objective of the research. 4. Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for improvement purposes.
• 25. Apply the Conceptual Framework in your Research Topic •Using a graph, place the IV and DV of your research topic. •Write on a piece of paper the title of your research and the names of the members.
• 26. My Take-away •Conceptual framework is…. is like… •Its purpose is…..
• 27. TRUE OR FALSE 1. CF is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research. 2. CF clarifies concepts and their relationships in a research.
• 28. TRUE OR FALSE 3. In research, a house structure is important like framework. 4. CF gives organization, order and direction. 5. Conceptual Framework is part of Chapter 1.
• 29. REFERENCES: • http://ideasintoaction.eu/en/outputs/output-2-youth-training- course/example-activities/ • http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/schematic- diagram.html • Baraceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 2. Rex Printing Company Inc., Sta. Mesa Heights, Quezon City. • https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/framework.jpg • https://www.diydoctor.org.uk/project_images/replacelightfitting/ligh t-circuit-in-house.jpg
• 30. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK VS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• 31. Conceptual Framework vs Theoretical Framework CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - All your plans, concepts, ideas about the many aspects of your research shown and clarified graphically and verbally. - Enables the readers to clearly see in their minds the basic structure of the research and the relationships of variables and other factual things involved in the study. - Gives and explains the theories, principles, generalizations, and research findings, which some connection to your research study. - Makes people know and understand evidence-based truths, concepts, speculations, and assumptions underlying each aspect of the research and
• 32. ACTIVITY: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Relationship of variables 2. Language has a social basis 3. Einstein’s ideas on nuclear energy 4. Conducting pre-test and post test 5. Analysis of rhetorical patterns 6. Reading as a psycholinguistic game 7. Universe formation through explosion 8. Seeing the link between the Science book and the CHED syllabus. 9. Syllabus as the blueprint of the course 10. Testing the effects of Ebola virus on rats
• 33. CONCEPT EXPLANATION 1. In what stage of research is conceptual framework written? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Why should a research be given a conceptual framework? 3. Compare and contrast these two: conceptual and theoretical framework.
• 34. RELEVANT THEORIES Title of the Research Study:__________________________ Theory Title: ______________________________________ Theorist/s: ________________________________________ Theory Statement: __________________________________ __________________________________________________ Theory Explanation: (in paragraph/s)_____________________ ______________________________________ Relationship of the Theory to the present study or your research problem: (in paragraph)_________________________________ ____________________________________________________
• 35. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AS PARADIGM: COMMON MODELS •IPO – Input-process-output model •IV-DV – independent variables – dependent variables model •CP – (criterion-predictor) model •-P model stands for additional box. •POM (proposed original model
• 36. INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL • Largely used when the research studies attempt to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under investigation.
• 37. INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL • Profile of Entrepreneurs a. Age b. Sex c. Seminars attended • Roles of Entrepreneurs a. Assessment b. Planning c. Implementation d. Evaluation • Specimen Collection • Performance Analysis of data through the questionnaire, informal interviews, and statistical treatment Improved role of Entrepreneurs Higher returns Better quality services Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward Improved Work Performance
• 38. INDEPENDENT-DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODEL Teaching methodology used by instructors • Computer-assisted • Instruction • Demonstration method Level of performance of College Students • Academic grades • Practicum grades • Parent’s Satisfaction The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction and Demonstration Method to the Level of Performance of College Students
• 39. CP (CRITERION-PREDICTOR) MODEL Teaching competence of clinical instructors • Knowledge level • Pedagogical skills • Classroom management skills Level of performance of Nursing Students • Academic grades • Related Learning Experience (RLE) • Patient’s satisfaction Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Clinical Instructors to the Level of Performance of Nursing Students
• 40. -P MODE STANDS FOR ADDITIONAL BOX • Profile of entrepreneurs a. Age b. Sex c. Seminars attended • Roles of entrepreneurs a. Assessment b. Planning c. Implementation d. Evaluation • Specimen Collection • Performance Analysis of data through the questionnaire and informal interviews and statistical treatment The Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs Improved roles of entrepreneurs Higher returns Better quality of services Proposed Intervention Program
• 41. -P MODE STANDS FOR ADDITIONAL BOX Teaching competence of instructors • Knowledge level • Pedagogical Skills • Classroom management skills Level of performance of Students • Academic grades • Practicum Performance • Parent’s satisfaction Faculty Development Program Relationship of the Teaching Competence to the Performance of Nursing Students Towards Faculty Development Program
• 42. POM (PROPOSED ORIGINAL MODEL) Student respondent’s Profile • Age • Gender • Civil Status • Hospital Assignment Infection control practices Preparation of IV fluids Preparation of IV medication Assistance in the administration of IV medications Extent of participation in infection control program CI’s assessment of the students’ extent of participation in infection control practices Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in Infection Control Practices: Basis for Enhanced RLE Supervisory Program (Quaizon, 2007) Enhanced Related Learning Experience (RLE) Supervisory Program
• 43. References: • Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Sampaloc, Manila. Rex Bookstore Inc. • Cristobal, A.P. Jr. & Cruz-Cristobal, M.C. (2013). Research Made Easier: A Step-by-Step Process. Quezon, City. C&E Publisher • https://www.thoughtco.com › what-is-a-schematic-diagram-4584811 • Google

Editor's Notes

• Interrogative and Declarative Statements – i.e. I- What is an English grammar textbook? D – To define a grammar textbook Deductive and Inductive – D – from bigger ideas such as theories or concepts to smaller ideas; I – starts from smaller and simpler ideas to bigger or more complex ones. To explain it: Deductive is focusing on the theory and concepts, and to be able to understand our topic, we find the variables to make it more specific. Inductive – is when we formulate questions to prove the idea of the certain theory or concept.
• MOTIVATION: (3minutes) this diagram example is a wiring diagrams schema What do you think of this schematic diagram? What is the purpose of schematic diagram? Why is it important? What do you see in this diagram? – interconnections, lines, process, design, it helps us see the whole.
• Each Group shall receive 1 whole sheet of bondpaper (10 minutes)
• POSSIBLE ANSWERS: The activity may not be easy to do due to time constraint and limited resources It may be because of their cooperation and collaborative team work.
• POSSIBLE ANSWERS: 3. We should see first the scheme of our research… should have the basis… should know its strength and weakness 4. CF is a graphical presentation of our research.. The skeletal presentation of research topic.
• Teacher explains: in the SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM we have before this lesson, we have noted the red marked words coming from its definition. Take note of these words: interconnection and cost estimate Variables – are changing qualities or characteristics
• CF – graphical presentation of the concept of thesis; schematic diagram showing well-ordered elements of the research PURPOSE – Show organization, order and direction of research; obtain a general understanding of the research; gives notion on research activities to perform; clarifying concepts and its relationships
• 3. F 4. T 5. T 5-8 4-57 3-1
• Cf Tf Tf Cf Cf Tf/cf Tf Cf Cf Tf
• Paradigm – the result of the clearer understanding of the theoretical or conceptual framework, it is a diagrammatic presentation of the study. Criterion – something that is used as a reason for making a judgment or decision. Predictor – to say that (something) will or might happen in the future.