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The Components of the System Unit

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System Unit

Jul 11, 2014

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Chapter 4. System Unit. Overview. Describe System Unit Components Identify Motherboard Components Describe Processor Functions Explain Computer Data Representation Differentiate Memory Types Differentiate Ports & Connectors. System Unit. Case Containing Electronic Components.

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• bits processor
• wireless data transfer
• cycle example
• converts ac power

Presentation Transcript

Chapter 4 System Unit

Overview • Describe System Unit Components • Identify Motherboard Components • Describe Processor Functions • Explain Computer Data Representation • Differentiate Memory Types • Differentiate Ports & Connectors

System Unit • Case Containing Electronic Components

Common Components • Processor • Memory • Adapter Cards • Video • Sound • Modem • Network • Ports • Drive Bays • Power Supply

Motherboard • Main Circuit Board in System Unit • Contains • Processor • Memory • Adapter Cards • Chips • Integrated Circuits

Processor • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Interprets & Executes Basic Instructions • Components • Control Unit • Directs & Coordinates Operations • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) • Arithmetic (+-*/) • Comparison (=<>) • Logical (and or not)

Processor • System Clock • Controls Timing of All Operations • Generates Ticks • Regular Electronic Pulses • Smallest Unit of Time Recognized by a Device

Processor • System Clock • Processor Speed Measured by Ticks/Second • MHz – One Million Ticks/Second • Type 100 Words/Minute = 8 Characters/Second • 8088 Processor @ 4.77 MHz • Character ► 50,000 Other Tasks ► Character • GHz – One Billion Ticks per Second

Processor • Machine Cycle • Fetch • Obtain Instruction From Memory • Decode • Translate Instruction to Commands • Execute • Carry Out Command • Store • Write Result to Memory • CPU Executes 1-3+ Cycles per Tick

Processor • Machine Cycle Example 1) Fetch instruction: “Get number at address 123456” 2) Decode instruction 3) Execute: ALU finds the number (which is 5) 4) Store: The number ‘5’ is stored in a register 5 – 8)  Repeat steps for another number (which is 6) 9) Fetch instruction: “Add number in Reg1 to Reg2” 10) Decode instruction 11) Execute: ALU adds the numbers 12) Store: The answer is stored in a register 13) Fetch instruction: “Display answer on screen” 14) Decode instruction 15) Execute: Display answer on screen

Processor • Cooling Systems • Heat Sink • Component that Cools Processor • Heat Pipe • Used in Notebooks • Liquid Cooling • Continuous Fluid Flow Transfers Heat Away

Data Representation • Binary • Most Computers are Digital • Recognize Two Discrete States • On / Off • Equivalent Numbering System • Bits (Binary Digit) • Two Unique Digits • 0 / 1

3 5 D Data Representation • Byte • Eight Bits Grouped Together • Represent • Numbers • Uppercase & Lowercase Letters • Punctuation • Special Characters

Data Representation • Coding Systems • ASCII • PC • EBCDIC • Mainframe • Unicode • Other Languages

Memory • One or More Chips on Motherboard • Each Byte Stored in Unique Location • Address • Stores Three Basic Categories of Items • OS & Other System Software • Application Program Instructions • Data Being Processed & Resulting Info

Memory • Sizes

Memory • RAM (Random Access Memory) • Read From / Written To by Processor • Volatile • Content Lost When Power is Absent • More = Faster Operation • DRAM (Dynamic) • Standard • SRAM (Static) • MRAM (Magnetoresistive)

Memory • Location • Memory Resides on Small Circuit Board • Memory Module • Memory Slots Hold Memory Modules • On Motherboard

Memory • System Requirements • Based on Types of Applications Used • Cache • Speeds Computer Processes • Stores Frequently Used Instructions & Data

Memory • ROM (Read Only Memory) • Stores Permanent Data & Instructions • Non-volatile • Types • Firmware – Permanently Written Data • BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) • Sequence of Instructions to Start Computer • PROM – Blank • EEPROM – Electrically Erasable PROM

Memory • Flash • Non-volatile • Can be Erased & Reprogrammed • Used in • Cell Phone • Digital Camera • MP3 Player • USB Storage

Additional Functionality • Expansion Slots & Adapter Cards • Expansion Slot • Socket on Motherboard Holds Adapter Card • Adapter Card • Enhances System Unit • Provides Connections to Peripherals • Plug n’ Play • Automatically Configured When Installed

Additional Functionality • Port • Connects Peripheral to System Unit • Connector • Joins Cable to Peripheral • Male or Female

Additional Functionality • Ports & Connectors

Additional Functionality • USB (Universal Serial Bus) • Printer, Digital Camera, Phone, Flash, etc. • Bluetooth • Wireless • Firewire • Data Transfer • IrDA • Wireless Data Transfer

Bus • Pathway Used to Communicate • On Motherboard • Allows Devices to Communicate with Each Other • Data Bus • Address Bus • Bus Width • Word • Number of Bits Processor can Use at Once

Other Components • Bay • Opening Inside System Unit • Used to Install Additional Equipment • Typically Holds Disk Drives • Power Supply • Converts AC Power into DC Power • Fan Keeps System Unit Components Cool

Maintenance • Clean Device Once or Twice a Year • Turn Off & Unplug Device • Compressed Air to Blow Out Dust • Clean Case Exterior • Antistatic Wipe • Clean Monitor • Cleaning Solution & Soft Cloth

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• Preferences

The Components Of The System Unit - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Components Of The System Unit

Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set operating pace of components of system ... electronic components that store instructions, data, and results ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Types of Computers
• System Unit
• Mother Board
• Data Representation
• Adapter Cards, Ports, Buses
• Processor Numbers
• Supercomputer
• Mathematically intensive applications military, scientific data
• Mainframe Computer
• Large corporations with large, centralized DB processing
• Midrange Computer(eg. Mini-computer server)
• Handles processing for an organizational unit or a smaller company
• Used as front-end processor for mainframes
• Microcomputer
• Desktop, Laptop, notebook
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data (aka the chassis)
• Adapter cards
• Power supply
• Main circuit board in system unit
• Also called system board
• Controls timing of all computer operations
• Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set operating pace of components of system
• Each tick is a clock cycle
• Pace of system clock is clock speed
• Most clock speeds are in the gigahertz (GHz) range (1 GHz one billion ticks of system clock per second)
• Processor speed can also be measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
• The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer.
• For IBM-compatible PCs
• Intel - Celeron, Pentium, Xeon, Itanium
• AMD Athlon, Sempron, Opteron
• For Apple Macintosh or Power Macintosh
• Most computers are digital
• It uses a Binary System
• Has 2 states ON or OFF
• represented by 2 digits 0 and 1, called Bits
• Bit - short for Binary digits
• Eight bits grouped together as a unit
• Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters
• Numbers, Uppercase/Lowercase letters, Punctuation marks
• coding scheme capable
• of representing allworlds languages16 bit ? up to 65,536
• Electronic components that store instructions, data, and results
• Consists of one or more chips on motherboard or other circuit board
• Each byte stored in unique location called an Address
• Volatile Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Nonvolatile Memory
• Flash Memory
• RAM may contain
• Operating system instructions
• How much do you need?
• Software packages typically indicates RAM requirements
• For optimal performance, you need more than minimum specifications
• Resides on small circuit board called a Memory Module
• Memory Slots on motherboard hold memory modules
• Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used instructions and data
• Also called memory cache
• L1 Cache - built into processor (8-128Kb)
• L2 Cache- slower but has larger capacity (64Kb-4Mb)
• Advanced Transfer Cache- Built-in L2 Cache - faster, located directly on CPU chip
• Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed
• Used with PDAs, digital cameras, digital cellular phones, music players, digital voice recorders, pagers
• Amount of time it takes processor to read data from memory
• Measured in nanoseconds (ns), one billionth of a second
• It takes 1/10 of a second to blink your eye a computer can perform up to 10 million operations in same amount of time
• Expansion (Adapter) Card
• Enhances the functions of the system unit or provides connections to external devices called peripherals
• Expansion Slot
• An opening, or socket, on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically configures cardsand other devices as you install them
• A PC card adds memory, sound, modem, and other capabilities to notebook computers
• A flash memory card allows users to transfer data from mobile devices to desktop computers
• Hot plugging allows you to insert and remove cards while computer is running
• connects external devices to system unit
• joins cable to peripheral
• Available in one of two genders male and female
• Transmits 1 bit at a time
• Transmits 1 bit of data at a time
• such as a printer
• but cannot reliably send data more than 20 feet.
• Connects slow-speed devices, such as mouse, keyboard, modem
• Universal Serial Bus
• can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector type
• PCs typically have 2-4 USB ports
• USB 1.1 ? 12 Mbps
• USB 2.0 ? 480 Mbps (High-Speed USB)
• Allow users to attach specialized peripherals or transmit data to wireless devices
• digital video cameras, color printers, scanners, disk drives
• FireWire port
• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port
• SCSI (small computer system interface) port
• IrDA (Infrared Data Association) port
• BluetoothTM port
• Channel that allows devices inside computer to communicate with each other
• What is transferred?
• Data Bus transfers data
• Address Bus transfers address in memory
• How much is transferred?
• Bus width - determines number of bits transmitted at one time
• Today 64-bit bus
• CPU Comparison

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