political science analysis research methods

5 Analytic Methods for Political Science Research

Analytical research is an integral part of any political science research. Knowing the different methods through which political researchers are able to analyze their research is crucial for anyone looking to develop new insight. 

For hundreds of years, political theorists, judges, lawyers, and legal scholars, have all worked to create new theories and means for understanding the ever-developing institutions that govern us.. Political science research influences real-world decision-making - from this year’s military spending budget, down to the amount of fees the post office is allowed to charge to send a letter.

There are a variety of unique tools and methodologies employed by researchers trying to tackle problems in the real-world. Today we will go over the essentials of political research, and highlight the many unique ways researchers can gather and analyze data.

What is Political Science?

Political science research is typically concerned with the theory and practice of governing, lawmaking, and politicking. Political scientists, like researchers in other disciplines, utilize a number of different methods and tools to conduct experiments, and gather new insights about a particular issue or phenomenon.

Five Methods of Political Science Research

Quantitative data analysis, qualitative data analysis, game theory models, historical analysis.

Quantitative data analysis is concerned with measuring the raw figures and numbers. This form of data analysis uses statistical models and math, to develop new theories about the world around us. 

Quantitative analysis is a form of descriptive statistics; meaning they are used to quantify the most basic features of a data set. Quantitative data can either be discrete (having to do with a particular set of numbers) or continuous - meaning that any numeric value could have a potential fit.  

Examples of quantitative data collection most commonly involve some kind of surveying or polling, and is concerned with gathering information such as:

• Test Scores
• Population Size
• Iterations of an Event
• Errors Made

These are all characteristics that can be easily picked apart and quantified using numerical data. They tell us how much of something there is in any given topic - allowing us to perform necessary calculations during our analysis. 

Conversely, qualitative data analysis is concerned with identifying and exploring those types of qualities that cannot be easily defined by numbers and figures. Qualitative data is most often composed of observations: descriptions of behaviors and phenomenon that cannot be quantified by numbers. Qualitative data analysis can be thought of as looking at the “how” or “why” of a particular issue, whereas quantitative data captures the “what”. These observations are invaluable to researchers, as they assign reason and motivation behind an action. Knowing what motivates someone to make a particular action is what drives the majority of political research projects today.

Qualitative data can be broken down into three distinct types:

• Ordinal Data
• Binary Data
• Nominal Data

Ordinal data exists on a ranging scale, and is one of the most prevalent types of questions found in a traditional survey. Questions that ask participants to share answers based on a sliding scale (such as “very unlikely” to “very likely”) are a common form of ordinal data collection.

Binary data is represented numerically, and is most often used in the creation of statistical models. These models can be used to track the likelihood of an individual to make a certain choice, among other things. 

Nominal data is used to label a subject without the use of numerical figures. These include multiple-choice survey responses, or cases where subjects are allowed to self-sort into a particular group.

Game Theory is a model for studying the decision-making process that goes on behind nearly every social interaction. Strategy, cost-benefit analysis, and optimal decision-making are all integral parts of the game theory model.

Researchers often use game theory models in order to better understand how individual actors come to a decision when faced with competition or consequence. The Prisoner’s Dilemma - where two convicts are tasked with choosing whether or not to inform on the other, therefore risking jail time, is a classic example of game theory in action. 

Historical analysis is a hugely important tool for political science researchers, as it enables them to present history as more than just a series of events that happened in succession. Overcoming this traditional and simplistic way of stating history - like the way you might see it described in a children’s textbook - is crucial for researchers looking to derive new insights from their political analysis. 

Researchers can draw upon historical inferences from a number of sources including historical texts, films, as well as first and second-hand accounts of events. Researchers will often build off of the works of prior authors in order to develop their own theories and outlooks.

  Historical analysis is a common and very effective model for deriving new insights from history. For example, judges often make determinations on matters of law by using historical and legal precedence to inform their decision-making.

Scenarios are a flexible tool that can be used to develop models; models that can be used to drive everything from policy making down to law enforcement. 

Scenarios can be as vast and unspecific - or as calculated and precise - as you need them to be. Social scientists often develop broad scenarios centered around a specific issue or problem they want to explore. These theoretical scenarios are then used to answer key questions like:

• How would (X) change if (Y) were to happen?
• What other factors could have influenced this outcome?
• Who are the key players in this scenario?
• What could we have done differently to prevent this?
• What variables exist outside of our control?

Theoretical scenarios are a cost-effective way for researchers to predict and forecast changing phenomena. They can also be used to argue for or against a particular course of action; enabling researchers to build up support for their conclusions, turning them into real-world action. 

Key Takeaways

Analytical research is an integral part of any political science research. Knowing the different methods through which political researchers are able to analyze their research is crucial for anyone looking to develop new insight. 

For more information on the steps of the research process and data analysis, please visit our Helpfull research guide .

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Introduction to Political Science Research Methods - 1st Edition

(4 reviews)

Josh Franco, Cuyamaca College

Charlotte Lee, Berkeley City College

Kau Vue, Fresno City College

Copyright Year: 2020

ISBN 13: 9781735198002

Publisher: Academic Senate for California Community Colleges

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Eliot Dickinson, Professor, Western Oregon University on 4/5/24

I can compare it to a major research methods textbook that I used for years. That book has 15 chapters, while this one has ten, which is actually more conducive to the 11-week quarter system still found on the West Coast. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

I can compare it to a major research methods textbook that I used for years. That book has 15 chapters, while this one has ten, which is actually more conducive to the 11-week quarter system still found on the West Coast.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The book is factually accurate, free of significant errors, and objective in its analysis.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

This text can be used for years, as the examples and cases are relevant for our times.

Clarity rating: 5

The text is written in a way that the average college freshman will be able to understand.

Consistency rating: 5

The text is consistent from chapter to chapter, from beginning to end, with a glossary of key terms at the end of each chapter.

Modularity rating: 5

The text is broken up into very readable chapters that are not overwhelming. Students will appreciate this aspect of the text, since it is succinct and offers units of reasonable length.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

It is organized like most other research methods textbooks. It includes opening chapters on the history and development of political science, so that it can also be used in a "Scope and Methods of PS" course.

Interface rating: 5

The text is easy to navigate with both a brief table of contents and a detailed table of contents, and the images and charts are clear throughout.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

It reads well although there there is a typo in the first paragraph of the first page and another typo on the third page. It would be helpful to correct these in future editions.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The text is culturally and politically correct. It's perfectly accessible to everyone.

This is a valuable contribution to higher education and, being an open resource, is helpful to students.

Reviewed by Hakseon Lee, Professor, James Madison University on 3/23/24

Most materials that are supposed to be taught at an introductory political science research methods are covered. Quantitative analysis section is relatively short, but considering it is an "intro" textbook, it's understandable. BTW Including Ch. 9... read more

Most materials that are supposed to be taught at an introductory political science research methods are covered. Quantitative analysis section is relatively short, but considering it is an "intro" textbook, it's understandable. BTW Including Ch. 9 Research Ethics is very helpful for students understand research on “human subjects” more in depth.

Overall, explanations of abstract and complex concepts are well presented. The concepts and definitions provided in the glossary are accurate as well.

The textbook is written for undergraduate political science major students, and the level of complexity is quite relevant to them. Research methods materials are not fast changing subject and the textbook’s contents have longevity.

The textbook is written very clearly and easy to understand. After each chapter, summary of each subsection in chapters are provided in a very succinct and clear way, and I believe the summary sections are beneficial to students

Even though the textbook is written by several authors, they followed the same format of each chapter: providing clear learning objectives, summary, review questions, critical thinking questions, suggestions for further study, and references. Students will not be confused at all reading chapter by chapter.

Having total of 10 chapters, the textbook can be easily used module by module structure. Each chapter has subsections which have clear learning objectives, and this will be helpful for instructors who plan to use the textbook sequentially.

Overall organization and structure follow conventional existing textbooks’ organization/structure. Majority of undergraduate research methods class are taught from history and development of research methods to quantitative analysis step by step, and the textbook follows the usual organization/structure.

The book is very much reader friendly. Table of contents are very well organized and readers can have an easy overlook of the textbook.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I have not found significant or consistent grammatical errors at all.

Introducing diverse coauthors with cartoon images at the beginning of the textbook is helpful for students to learn about diverse authors. Also, examples used have diverse backgrounds.

Reviewed by Huei-Jyun Ye, Assistant Professor, Wabash College on 10/23/23

This textbook covers the scientific method of studying politics, theory and hypothesis building, conceptualization and operationalization, elements of research design, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, and research ethics. For the very... read more

This textbook covers the scientific method of studying politics, theory and hypothesis building, conceptualization and operationalization, elements of research design, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, and research ethics. For the very intro level (for freshmen or sophomores), this textbook will serve well. For advanced undergraduate courses, this textbook lacks an introduction to specific research methods like surveys, experiments, case comparisons, etc. This textbook touches a little bit on qualitative and quantitative approaches but does not explain the methods political scientists use. I feel this is a tradeoff for an introduction textbook. Instructors who are seeking materials explaining methods will need to find other supplements. Other than that, I would recommend using this book to explain the process of doing political science research.

The explanations of political science research methods are spot-on and comprehensible. I do not find big mistakes in the chapters.

I believe we can use this textbook for a long time as most of the concepts are standards of the field. Some examples address timely concerns that political scientists have been working on. The studies referred to in the textbook are also not obsolete.

The textbook is overall clear and easy to read. The authors make good efforts to explain the jargon in plain language. For example, when introducing conceptualization and operationalization, the author asks questions as if they were students and provides answers to explain the ideas. Different from throwing all the jargon and definitions to readers’ faces, students may find this conversation style more accessible.

The authors do a good job of setting a tone for this textbook, even though it is written by multiple authors. Each chapter starts with an outline, followed by content, glossary, summary, review questions, and suggestions for further study. Readers can expect all these elements in every chapter.

The chapters can be easily turned into sequential modules. What is even better is that the authors provide learning objectives for each section, not just for chapters. This design makes it easier for instructors to break down each chapter into smaller tasks. Students can know what to expect or take away from the subsections in each module. The summary and review questions at the end of each chapter also serve as a good wrap-up for individual modules.

The organization of the chapters is logical and straightforward. The subsections within each chapter are well-connected. Students would not have any problem building up their understanding of the research inquiry process when they read over the textbook.

The Introduction to Political Science Research Methods is reader-friendly. I have no difficulty in following the sections, and the formatting, including figures and tables, does not go off the place. Also, the PDF keeps the bookmarks so that readers can clearly see the structure on the sidebar and jump to different sections easily.

I do not notice major grammatical errors.

This book uses studies on various topics and has broad cultural implications. I appreciate that the examples and studies that the authors choose to demonstrate how to do political science research cover diversity and equity in society. The authors also present different schools of view without imposing a specific paradigm on the readers.

I recommend this book.

Reviewed by Lindsay Benstead, Professor of Politics & Global Affairs, Portland State University on 8/12/23

This textbook covers topics in a comprehensive overview of methodology used in Political Science. It is suitable for an introductory course (e.g., 100-200 level), in that it covers the 'History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics,"... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This textbook covers topics in a comprehensive overview of methodology used in Political Science. It is suitable for an introductory course (e.g., 100-200 level), in that it covers the 'History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics," which includes basic facts about the history of the field of Politics. It then covers topics in quantitative and qualitative analysis. Importantly, it includes a section on ethics.

In my review of the textbook and use in designing a new course, I found the information presented in the textbook to be accurate.

Since this textbook covers foundational topics in research methods, it is likely to remain relevant for a decade or more.

This textbook is written in a clear way that will be understood by students in introductory political science methods courses (e.g., 100-200 level). This is not to say that more advanced students would not benefit from reading this textbook, but only if they are undergraduate or graduate students just beginning their study of research methods in the field.

This book is internally consistent. In addition to content in each chapter, it includes m/c questions, open-ended questions, and resources for further study. These are presented at the end of each chapter in such a way that they can consistently be assigned to students on a weekly basis and used in the preparation of exams and quizzes.

Each chapter is broken up into multiple sections, making it easy for instructors to present the material in modular and easily digestible ways.

The book is well organized, proceeding in a logical way from introductory material through quantitative topics, followed by qualitative methods and research ethics.

The pdf interface is easily navigated.

There are not grammatical errors in the book that I noted.

The textbook has several authors. The authors provide cartoon images of themselves. The group of authors come from diverse backgrounds, making the book more likely to help students from diverse backgrounds know that Political Science is their field of study.

Table of Contents

• About the Authors
• History of this OER
• Table of Tables
• Table of Figures
• Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Chapter 2 - History and Development of the Empirical Study of Politics
• Chapter 3 - The Scientific Method
• Chapter 4 - Theories, Hypotheses, Variables, and Units
• Chapter 5 - Conceptualization, Operationalization, Measurement
• Chapter 6 - Elements of Research Design
• Chapter 7 - Qualitative Methods
• Chapter 8 - Quantitative Research Methods and Means of Analysis 
• Chapter 9 - Research Ethics
• Chapter 10 - Conclusion

Ancillary Material

• PowerPoint Lecture Slides

About the Book

Introduction to Political Science Research Methods, authored by Dr. Josh Franco, Dr. Charlotte Lee, Kau Vue, Dr. Dino Bozonelos, Dr. Masahiro Omae, and Dr. Steven Cauchon, is an Open Education Resource textbook licensed CC BY-NC that surveys the research methods employed in political science. The textbook includes chapters that cover: history and development of the empirical study of politics; the scientific method; theories, hypotheses, variables, and units; conceptualization, operationalization and measurement of political concepts; elements of research design including the logic of sampling; qualitative and quantitative research methods and means of analysis; and research ethics.

About the Contributors

Dr. Josh Franco , Cuyamaca College, Political Science: Josh Franco is a full-time, tenure-track Assistant Professor at Cuyamaca College in east San Diego County, California. He holds a Ph.D. and M.A. in Political Science, B.A. in public policy, and A.A. in economics and political science. Dr. Franco has five years of experience working in the California State Government and U.S. House of Representatives. Additionally, he was recently published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Political Science Education.

Dr. Charlotte Lee , Berkeley City College, Political Science: Charlotte Lee is full-time faculty at Berkeley City College. She teaches courses in political science and global studies. She has conducted fieldwork in Eastern Europe and China, culminating in several peer-reviewed publications in comparative politics, and will draw on that research in writing OER materials on qualitative research methods. Dr. Lee has participated in several Peralta district wide OER workshops. In February 2019, she co-facilitated an ASCCC OER Task Force webinar on resources in political science. Her Ph.D. is in political science from Stanford University.

Kau Vue , M.A. M.P.A., Fresno City College, Political Science: Kau Vue is an instructor of political science at Fresno City College in Fresno, California. She holds an M.A. in political science, a Master’s in Public Administration (M.P.A.) and a B.A. in political science and economics.

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5 Political Science Research Methods You Should Know About

For many years, researchers all over the world have been coming up with different methodologies to enhance the field of political research. From the budget assigned to sophisticated statistical techniques, the quest to better understand and analyze political phenomena has led to the development of diverse research methods.

This article delves into five essential political science research methods that help students and professionals navigate the complex landscape of political inquiry. From traditional survey and textbook-based approaches to cutting-edge statistical analysis and sampling methods, these techniques provide invaluable tools for accurate data collection and measurement.

By mastering these methodologies, researchers can unlock new insights into the intricate workings of political systems. Whether you're a seasoned political analyst or just beginning your journey into this fascinating field, this exploration of research methods promises to enrich your understanding and sharpen your skills.

Read on to discover how these methods can transform your political research endeavors.

What is Political Science?

Before we go through each of the research methods in political science, let's start with a fundamental question: What is political science?

Simply put, the introduction to political science research or political science itself is the systematic study of politics, encompassing a wide range of topics related to systems of government, political behavior, and the analysis of political activity.

It's a discipline that seeks to understand the complex world of politics, providing insights into how governments function, the behaviors and motivations of political actors, and the implications of policy decisions.

Political science is not only about observing and describing political events; it also involves developing theories, conducting empirical research, and making theoretical inferences. This academic field plays a crucial role in shaping public policy, promoting informed citizenry, and guiding the actions of policymakers.

At the Department of Political Science in universities, professors and graduate students delve into the intricacies of this subject, offering a comprehensive overview of the theories and practices that underpin the study of politics.

Research methods in political science play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the discipline.

These methods are the tools and techniques that guide researchers in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data related to political phenomena.

By mastering these methods, scholars and students can enhance their ability to critically assess political issues and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of political science.

Five Methods of Political Science Research

• Quantitative Data Analysis.
• Qualitative Data Analysis.
• Game Theory Models.
• Historical Analysis.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Now, talking about methods for political science research, the number one on our list is quantitative data analysis. This research process involves raw figures and numbers, often employing statistical models and mathematical calculations to examine political phenomena.

Quantitative research methods are an essential component of research design in political science, offering the means to gather and interpret numerical data, which can include variables such as:

• test scores
• population size
• iterations of an event;
• and errors made

Quantitative data analysis is distinguished by its reliance on descriptive statistics, which allow researchers to summarize and make sense of data sets. These methods help in identifying patterns, trends, and relationships within political data, enabling researchers to draw evidence-based conclusions.

Moreover, quantitative research adheres to research ethics, ensuring that data collection and analysis are conducted with rigor and transparency. It often complements qualitative research, which explores the nuances of human behavior and context, by providing a quantitative backbone to support and validate findings.

The marriage of qualitative and quantitative methods enhances the comprehensiveness of political science research, making it a powerful tool for understanding political systems, behaviors, and outcomes with precision and objectivity.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Unlike the quantitative data analysis method that deals with numbers and figures, qualitative methods or qualitative data analysis in political methodology explores the intricate qualities and descriptions that evade easy quantification. 

This approach allows political scientists to delve into the "how" and "why" aspects of political issues, focusing on the nuances, behaviors, and phenomena that resist measurement through numerical data. 

Qualitative research methods guide political scientists in understanding and interpreting these non-quantifiable aspects of the political landscape. At universities and in political research, this method is widely used to complement quantitative research methods like surveys and regression analysis. 

Three common types of qualitative data include ordinal data, which ranks variables in an ordered sequence ; binary data , which categorizes information into two distinct groups ; and nominal data , which classifies data into non-ordered, distinct categories . This versatility enables researchers to adapt qualitative analysis to various research questions, providing a nuanced perspective on political issues that quantitative data alone cannot capture. 

In essence, qualitative data analysis equips political scientists with the tools to explore the underlying complexities of politics, offering a deeper understanding of the motivations, behaviors, and social dynamics that drive political events and decisions.

Game Theory Models

Game Theory Models is a political research methodology that delves into the intricate world of decision-making, strategically assessing the processes that underlie social interactions.

Unlike qualitative and quantitative research methods, this political research methodology doesn't just observe outcomes; it studies the decision-making process that goes on behind nearly every social interaction. 

Game Theory Models serve as the foundation for political researchers, allowing them to dissect scenarios marked by competition, cooperation, and conflict among actors with diverse interests. Within this methodology, researchers examine the strategic intricacies, perform cost-benefit analyses, and seek optimal decision-making.

This surveys the research methods employed in political science and provides a framework to decipher the rationale behind choices and behaviors among individuals, groups, or states in various political contexts.

A classic example within Game Theory is the Prisoner's Dilemma , which highlights the tension between individual and collective rationality .

This model serves as a valuable tool for testing hypotheses and analyzing a wide range of research topics within political science. By utilizing Game Theory Models, researchers can develop a deeper appreciation for the complex dynamics that shape political decisions, ultimately shedding light on the strategies employed by various actors in the political arena.

Historical Analysis

While Game Theory, Quantitative, and Qualitative approaches offer essential frameworks for political science research, Historical Analysis stands as a key component in the repertoire of methods employed by researchers.

This method serves as an invaluable tool for political scientists aiming to view history through a more nuanced lens, transcending the conventional narrative of sequential events found in children's textbooks.

In this approach, researchers delve into historical texts, films, and firsthand or secondhand accounts, synthesizing a multifaceted understanding of past events. The process often involves building upon the works of previous authors to formulate fresh theories and perspectives, creating a rich tapestry of historical context.

Historical analysis is a potent model for unearthing fresh insights from the annals of history. For instance, it mirrors how judges utilize historical and legal precedents to inform their decisions in matters of law.

By adopting this approach, political science researchers uncover hidden patterns, motivations, and influences that have shaped political systems, policies, and behaviors. In the guides at universities, students learn what to research but also the significance of approaching history in a comprehensive and analytical manner.

The last phase in research design involves the development of theoretical scenarios, which serve as invaluable tools for students to explore critical questions within the field. These scenarios play a crucial role in understanding the causal relationships between variables and uncovering the complexities of various important topics, especially in the context of international relations and analytical approaches.

They help students address key questions such as:

How would (X) change if (Y) were to happen?

• For example, how would international conflict patterns change if a major power shifted its foreign policy stance?

What other factors could have influenced this outcome?

• Exploring the broader context to identify additional factors impacting a specific political event or decision.

Who are the key players in this scenario?

• Analyzing the actors, institutions, or states that play pivotal roles in a given political scenario.

What could we have done differently to prevent this?

• Reflecting on potential policy changes or actions that might have altered the course of political developments.

What variables exist outside of our control?

• Recognizing variables that are beyond human intervention and may affect political outcomes.

These scenarios guide students in refining their research design, enabling them to investigate causal relationships, apply maximum likelihood models, and enhance their analytical capabilities.

By addressing these key questions, researchers can deepen their understanding of complex political issues, advance theoretical frameworks, and contribute to the evolving field of political science.

Key Takeaways

In conclusion, methodological diversity plays a pivotal role in addressing important topics within the realm of research design, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of political phenomena. A combination of analytic and qualitative approaches to research projects enriches our insights, enabling researchers to navigate the complexities of the political landscape.

By exploring scenarios, refining conceptualizations, and analyzing causal relationships, students and scholars alike can unlock new perspectives and contribute to the ever-evolving field of political science. The key takeaway is that a versatile methodological toolkit is indispensable for advancing our understanding of the multifaceted world of politics.

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Recent Articles

• Comprehensive Exams
• American Politics
• Political Theory
• International Relations

Research Methods and Formal Theory

• Comparative Politics

M ichael A lbertus J ohn B rehm C athy C ohen M ichael D awson J ustin Grimmer M ark H ansen W illiam H owell M onika N alepa E ric Oliver J ohn P adgett R obert P ape J ohn P atty M aggie P enn D an S later P aul S taniland L isa  Wedeen

Graduate education in political science trains students to become professional social scientists. An essential aspect of graduate training – indeed, what most distinguishes graduate from undergraduate education in the social sciences – is the development of the research skills that enable students to become productive, original scholars. Formal theory, and quantitative and qualitative research methods provide a curriculum that helps students to develop the needed tools.

Training in research methods includes instruction in statistical methods, but quantitative methods are not exhaustive of the field. Political science has always encompassed a variety of approaches, from formal mathematical analysis to textual language analysis, and faculty and graduate students at Chicago employ a wide range of methodologies. The department offers coursework in both qualitative, and quantitative methodologies. Thus, students who are interested in qualitative methodologies should read on, because there is something here for you.

At the moment, the most developed curriculum in the field employs mathematical methods, which divides into two broad categories: formal theory and quantitative methods. Formal theory includes decision theory, game theory, social choice theory, stochastic processes, network analysis, and other kinds of mathematical modeling. It is logical, mathematical and theoretical: formal modelers construct mathematical representations of political behavior and logically consistent frameworks for evaluating politics. Quantitative methods in political science are a distinct mode of analysis and include elements of statistics, econometrics, and psychometrics. They are inferential, mathematical and empirical: methodologists develop investigative tools to guide theoretical inquiry and test propositions.

Statistical methods are widely used in the study of American and European politics, particularly in public opinion, elections, and party systems. In international relations, there is a large quantitative literature on the causes of war, the effects of regime types on trade, and political determinants of international financial flows. And in policy analysis and evaluation research, statistical methods have found common usage in studies of education, race, poverty, crime, and housing.

Formal theory has found many of its most fruitful applications in political theory, where it is used in the study of ethics, democratic theory, and many other topics. Formal models are also of major importance in international relations, notably in the theory of deterrence and in studies of international cooperation. American and comparative political studies employ formal theory in studies of elections, legislatures, bureaucracies, party systems, and regime transitions, just to name a few.

Students have found strong mathematical skills to be a substantial professional asset. Today, every field of political science is influenced by formal models and statistical methods, and no broad education in the discipline is complete without some understanding of their uses.

The department strongly recommends that all graduate students acquire the skill set necessary for successful progress as producers of research within the first year of coursework prior to beginning research on their M.A. thesis. The notion of a skill set will vary by the specific research interests of the students. The department privileges no particular method. Students will discuss with their advisors the skill set they will need and will agree on a program of study. The DGS will confirm that these conversations have taken place. For example, among those students whose research may involve quantitative approaches, the first year should include Mathematical Foundations of Political  Methodology, Linear Models, and Causal Inference.

The normal expectation for first-year quantitatively-oriented graduate students will be that they follow this quantitative track. For students whose research may involve formal theory and mathematical modeling, the first year should include courses in game theory and social choice. For students who intend to pursue political theory and qualitative research, the skill set is less established but may entail language training, ethnography training, interpretive methods, archival research, or other methodological or substantive courses.

The following listing provides an overview of the department’s offerings in formal theory and research methods. Because faculty teaching schedules change, the precise offerings change from year to year, and because every student brings a unique background to the program, no document can cover all the possibilities. We urge students to consult members of the Methods Committee and other faculty advisors for personal advice.

Note: Inclusion on these lists indicates courses of interest to students who desire training in formal modeling, quantitative methods, and qualitative methods. It does not guarantee that the course will satisfy distribution requirements in these fields.

The quantitative methods sequence prepares students to conduct empirical research in political science and provides an introduction to the skills necessary to be a political methodologist. Political Science is an increasingly empirical and quantitative discipline that relies on a wide variety of data sources and strategies for learning about the political world. To engage with the increasingly large methodological literature in political science and across the social sciences requires competency in programming, research design, statistics, and data science.

The quantitative methods training is intended to help students develop core competencies across all four critical areas of data research. It also serves as an introduction to more advanced classes in the department and across the university. Students who complete our core sequence will be well prepared to do quantitative political science research, complete the quantitative methods preliminary exam, and ready to start the more advanced coursework necessary to become political methodologists. Students interested in doing primarily qualitative work or political theory are encouraged to take courses in the quantitative methods sequence. The skills taught in the course will be useful in their own research and empower the students to read (and critique!) empirical political science.

Students interested in taking the quantitative methods exam will be required to take the entire quantitative methods sequence with exceptions made sparingly and only with a formal application to members of the quantitative methods group. That sequence is as follows.

Introductory Math Camp (Offered at End of Summer) A brief (re)introduction to basic mathematical concepts and computing skills.

43401 Mathematical Foundations of Political Methodology Introduction to Mathematical and Probabilistic tools for doing formal and quantitative political science. Students are introduced to the R programming language.

30700 Introduction to Linear Regression Introduction to the linear model, the workhorse tool in quantitative political science research. Students continue development of their R programming skills.

30600 Causal Inference Introduction to the statistics causal inference literature. Topics include: potential outcomes, experimental methods, and research design for observational data.

43100 Maximum Likelihood (Model Based Inference) Analysis of choice-based models, counts, sequences, duration, proportions, and latent variables

43502 Machine Learning Introduction to advanced models for prediction and data compression. Students are introduced and use the Python programming language.

Once students complete the core sequence they are encouraged to take more advanced courses offered within the department and across the university. Please consult the methods group for more information about the courses.

42120 Bayesian Inference in Political Science (staff, currently not offered)

43200 Advanced Maximum Likelihood (Brehm) Coverage varies; topics to be drawn from truncated and censored data, hierarchical models, measurement theory, introduction to Bayesian inference (PQ: PLSC 43100).

43410 Introduction to Multilevel Modeling (staff, currently not offered; see SOCI 30012) Analysis of complex interaction and classification within the clustered data.

Please also see the section below on superb offerings in advanced methods in other departments at the University of Chicago.

Note: PLSC 30500, Introduction to Research Design, is required of all students in their first year, Additionally, the department strongly encourages students to take the Social Sciences Division’s math camp offered in the weeks prior to the Autumn Quarter.

The methods faculty will offer the quantitative methods exam each spring and typically students will take the exam at the end of their second year. Students should declare their intention to take the exam at the start of the second year to the methods faculty member chairing the exam for that year. There will be a meeting in October of each year with graduate students potentially interested in taking the exam to explain the exam further and to address any questions.

Students taking the quantitative methods exam when they plan to either be practicing methodologists or advanced users of recent methodological advances. To that end, students must engage in significant coursework before taking the exam. Within the department, students are expected to complete the five course methods sequence:

• Mathematical Foundations of Political Methodology
• Linear Models
• Causal Inference
• Maximum Likelihood
• Machine Learning

In addition, students are encouraged, but not required, to complete an advanced methodological course in the department (such as Advanced Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian Inference, Multi-level Modeling, Network Analysis) or an equivalent or higher level course offered at another department. We encourage students to consult with the methods group when choosing these additional courses.

A student may petition to waive these requirements, though these petitions will only be granted in extraordinary circumstances.

The methods exam will take place in two parts. The first part is a closed book exam that will test core concepts in statistics. The second is an open book exam that will be completed using a computer and will test data analysis skills. Both exams will take place on the same day. The closed book exam will run from 9am to 12 pm. Students will be given a one-hour break and then will take the open book portion from 1pm to 5pm.

The formal theory sequence prepares students to develop and analyze rigorous analytical social science theories. It provides the basic analytical skills required in formal political theory and political economy. Formal theories serve as the foundation of all empirical political science: precisely and reliably interpreting data and empirical relationships requires a coherent theoretical framework. When properly employed, formal methods ensure the logical coherence of theoretical assumptions and conclusions. Training in the formal theory field within the department is centered on a three-course sequence composed of two quarters of game theory (30901 & 31000) and one quarter of social choice theory (40801). As a whole, these courses cover the basic tools and concepts of formal political theory and prepare students for more advanced classes in the department and across the university.

Introductory Courses

30901 Game Theory I (Nalepa/Patty) Introduction to static and dynamic games of complete information, including the coverage of two basic solution concepts (Nash, SPE) (PQ: PLSC 30100, when offered).

31000 Game Theory II (Nalepa/Patty) Intermediate game theory focusing on games of incomplete information (PQ: PLSC 30901).

40801 Social Choice (Penn) Introduction to axiomatic choice, preference aggregation, and core existence.

Optional Courses

PLSC 40200 Stochastic Models of Social Processes (Padgett) Dynamic, probabilistic models for public opinion, learning, mobility, etc. (PQ: statistics course).

PLSC 35801 Formal Models in Comparative Politics (Nalepa) Newly published or still in press papers in Comparative Politics that employ formal modeling, including models of state-building, authoritarianism, regime change, corruption & clientelism (PQ: PLSC 30901 & 31000).

PPHA 42310 The Political Economy of Development (Robinson) Introduction for Ph.D. students to the research literature in the political economy of development.

ECON 36101 Economic Models of Politics (Myerson & van Weelden) Introduction to current research in political economics.

PLSC 40815 New Directions in Formal Theory (Penn) Survey of recent research in formal political theory. Topics include models of institutions, groups, and behavior, spanning American politics, comparative politics, and international relations. Tools include game theory, network analysis, simulation, axiomatic choice theory, and optimization theory.

Students wishing to take the formal theory exam must complete the three-course sequence composed of 30901, 31000, and 40801 and one additional course in formal political theory or political economy. Any student who has satisfied this requirement can take the field exam in Formal Theory.

The classes listed in this document automatically count for the fourth course requirement. Other courses may count as well. Offerings change annually, so students are advised to ask the formal theory faculty (Nalepa, Patty, and Penn) regarding whether an unlisted course satisfies the requirement and/or suggestions about other courses.

The formal theory exam will consist of a closed book, closed notes exam running from 9am to 5pm on a single day. A typical exam will consist of one question corresponding to each of the three required courses. Passing the exam will require mastery of the material in all three of the required introductory courses.

Qualitative approaches seek to describe, interpret, and/or explain political action and institutions through direct and systematic analysis of specific empirical contexts. The department frequently offers courses that encourage richer study of these areas. There is no comprehensive exam in qualitative methods.

33300 Interpretive Methods in the Social Sciences (Wedeen) Broad introduction to a wide variety of approaches to comparative research.

43700 Comparative Historical Analysis (Slater) A survey of best practices in the development of historically grounded causal explanations in comparative politics and sociology.

50900 Seminar on the Comparative Case Study Method (Mearsheimer, Pape)

The appropriate curriculum in formal theory and research methods clearly depends upon each student’s particular background, and we urge students to consult faculty advisors individually. For students who have prior experience or who wish to be first-rate producers of formal models or quantitative research, the best advice is to consult an advisor from the Committee on research methods and formal theory. Training in calculus and linear algebra is essential for advanced work in mathematical methods, and students who lack such training should plan to study these topics. The Mathematics Department offers calculus and linear algebra regularly. Students and faculty have occasionally organized study groups on their own to learn new material. The systematic nature of the curriculum, however, makes it possible to pursue training in these topics at several different levels.

Formal theory: 30901 (Game Theory I); 40801 (Social Choice).

Qualitative methods: 33300 (Interpretive Methods); 50900 (Comparative Case Study Method).

Quantitative methods: 43401 (Mathematical Foundations of Political Methodology); 30700 (Linear Models); 30600 (Causal Inference).

Students with a strong interest in formal models or research methods are encouraged to take courses outside the department, including courses on stochastic models, advanced probability, Bayesian inference, log-linear models, models for events data, network analysis, sociological inference, microeconomics, econometrics, international economics, the philosophy of science, and the logic of inquiry.

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