phd site full form

• For Individuals
• For Businesses
• For Universities
• For Governments
• Online Degrees
• Join for Free

What Is a PhD?

A PhD is often the highest possible academic degree you can get in a subject. Learn more about whether earning a PhD could benefit your career.

A Doctor of Philosophy, often known as a PhD, is a terminal degree —or the highest possible academic degree you can earn in a subject. While PhD programs (or doctorate programs) are often structured to take between four and five years , some graduate students may take longer as they balance the responsibilities of coursework, original research, and other degree requirements with raising families or working full time. 

With a PhD, you may find opportunities to work as a university professor, a researcher in a commercial or government laboratory, a consultant, or a subject matter expert (SME). If you have the intellectual curiosity and dedication, earning a PhD can be a rewarding experience. In this article, we’ll go over what it takes to earn a PhD, the requirements to apply for a PhD program, and other factors worth considering.

Learn more: What Does ‘PhD’ Stand For?

PhD: Key facts

Generally, students begin their PhD after earning a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree . However, some doctoral programs may offer you the chance to earn your master’s while pursuing your PhD, so that may not be an admissions requirement.  

What can you get a PhD in?

It’s possible to earn your PhD in a number of academic disciplines, including the natural sciences , humanities , arts, and social sciences . The 2021 Survey of Earned Doctorates, from the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, offers a numerical breakdown of actual degrees earned in broad academic fields [ 1 ]:

Engineering: 10,240

Biological and biomedical sciences: 8,149

Social sciences: 4,878

Physical sciences: 4,693

Psychology: 3,797

Computer and information sciences: 2,361

Health sciences: 2,331

Mathematics and statistics: 2,012

Agricultural sciences and natural resources: 1,334

Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences: 1,064

Education: 4,252

Humanities and arts: 4,137

Business: 1,392

Other fields: 1,610

Depending on the university you attend, you may find that the broad academic fields above break down into more specific disciplines. For example, within a physical science department, you might get a PhD in physics or chemistry. Within an engineering department, you might get a PhD in electrical or mechanical engineering. Philosophy, theology, history, or English might fall within a humanities department, while economics or social work could fall within a social sciences department. Marketing could be a specific PhD major within a business department.

In terms of your PhD coursework and research, you will likely be expected to concentrate in some area of your larger subject. For example, PhDs in biology may focus on biochemistry or biostatistics, whereas a PhD in English may concentrate on twentieth-century American literature. 

Requirements to get a PhD

PhD programs typically require at least two years of advanced coursework, as well as comprehensive exams, and the successful completion of a dissertation. Let’s break that down on a year-by-year basis: 

Years 1 and 2: Take classes to develop advanced knowledge in your subject area. 

Year 3: Study for and successfully pass your comprehensive exams. 

Years 4 and 5: Research, write, and defend your dissertation. 

Once you have successfully passed your comprehensive exams, you’re typically considered “All But Dissertation” or ABD, which signals that you’ve finished everything in your doctoral program except your dissertation. 

Research supervisor 

PhD students often choose a faculty member who specializes in their area of interest to serve as the research supervisor. It can help to identify professors or programs that will support your research endeavors before applying, so you can establish a relationship with your potential research advisor early. 

The average cost of a PhD program in the US is $106,860, though that figure can differ based on the type of institution you attend and what you study [ 2 ].

Reasons to get a PhD

Earning your PhD can be an immensely rewarding experience, but the degree can be a big commitment, requiring significant time, money, and work. 

Here are some more reasons you may want to pursue a PhD:

Become a subject matter expert in a particular field.

Conduct the research you are passionate about.

Develop transferable skills that can help in your professional life. 

Make a difference in the world with new research.

Make connections with scholars in your academic community.

Open up career avenues in academic and research work.

Completing a PhD can reveal to employers that you possess a wide range of competencies that are valued in both academic and non-academic settings. 

PhD salaries

PhD holders earn a median weekly income of $1,909 compared to master’s degree holders, who earn a median weekly income of $1,574, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) [ 3 ]. They may also experience lower percentages of unemployment. The unemployment rate for PhD graduates is 1.5 percent compared to master’s degree holders at 2.6 percent [ 3 ].

Requirements to apply to a PhD program

PhD programs expect you to meet several requirements before enrolling. Here are some examples of common requirements:

Have an undergraduate degree, usually with at least a 3.0 overall GPA.

Have a master's degree, though some programs may not require it.

Take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and achieve a minimum score.

Submit a sample of your academic writing.

Submit your CV .

Provide letters of recommendation , which should ideally come from academic faculty members who can speak to your research or intellectual abilities.

Requirements differ by program and school, so take time to become familiar with the entry requirements of universities where you’re interested in applying. Admissions staff or departmental staff should be able to give you specific information about their admissions requirements.

If a program is interested in you, based on your application, you may have to complete an interview. The university representatives that interview you will look at your motivation, how prepared you are, and how suitable you are for acceptance into the doctoral degree program.

PhD vs. other terminal degrees

Terminal degrees are the highest degree available in a field of study. While the PhD is the highest academic degree you can earn in a field of study, a Juris Doctor (JD) is the highest degree you can earn in law, and a professional degree , such as a Doctor of Medicine (MD) or a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) , is the highest degree you can earn in these medical professions. 

Learn more: What is a Terminal Degree and Do You Need One?   

Professional doctorates are a different category of doctorate degree. They are usually intended for professionals already working in a field who want to pursue advanced training in their area. The main difference between a professional doctorate and an academic doctorate has to do with subject matter and research. While PhDs are interested in conducting new research, professional degree students take existing models and knowledge and apply them to solve problems. Professional doctorates are also designed to prepare learners for careers in a certain industry rather than academia.  

Examples of professional doctorates include:

DBA (Doctor of Business Administration)

DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice)

EdD (Doctor of Education)

DPH (Doctor of Public Health)

Is someone with a PhD a doctor?

You can use the salutation "Dr" to address people who hold doctorates, including PhDs and other professional degrees. The word "doctor" comes from the Latin word for "teacher," and PhDs are often professors at universities. While it has become more common to refer to medical doctors as “Dr,” some professors use the honorific when addressing students and in professional settings.

Explore career and education options with Coursera

Learning online can be a great way to explore a field you're interested in, discover career paths , and even decide whether a PhD is for you. Consider one of Coursera's Professional Certificates , available from Google, Meta, IBM, Salesforce, and other industry leaders, and gain job-ready skills that employers are looking for.

Ready to get a Master's degree ? Coursera partners with universities to offer online Master's degrees in a range of fields like data science, public health, and business.

Article sources

NCSES. " 2021 Survey of Earned Doctorates , https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23300/report/field-of-doctorate." Accessed August 1, 2023.

Education Data Initiative. “Average Cost of a Doctorate Degree ,     https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-a-doctorate-degree.” Accessed August 1, 2023.

US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Earnings and Unemployment rates by educational attainment, 2021 , https://www.bls.gov/emp/chart-unemployment-earnings-education.htm." Accessed August 1, 2023.

Keep reading

Coursera staff.

Editorial Team

Coursera’s editorial team is comprised of highly experienced professional editors, writers, and fact...

This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

What is a PhD?

There’s a lot of mystery surrounding the PhD. Although most people have a vague understanding of what it is, there are a lot of misconceptions about what doing one actually entails. How long does a PhD actually take? Do you have to be a super genius to do one? This article will clear up the confusion and answer some common questions.

First of all, what does PhD stand for?

PhD is an abbreviation of Philosophiae doctor which is Latin for “doctor of philosophy”. All PhD are “doctors of philosophy” regardless of whether the degree is in physics, biology, anthropology or actual philosophy.

So, what is a PhD?

In the simplest terms, it’s the highest academic degree. It is earned by spending three or more years doing original, independent research to produce a thesis which is orally defended.

What does a PhD entail?

A PhD is first and foremost a research degree so the majority of your time will be spent researching. What exactly this looks like depends on the field you’re studying. You may be in a library, or running experiments in a lab, or in the field. Regardless of where you research, you will be regularly meeting with your supervisor to check your progress. Your supervisor will also give you feedback and help you work through any problems you may encounter. They will also provide encouragement and support as you progress through your PhD.

As a doctoral student, you may also have to complete a certain level of graduate-level courses or take exams to demonstrate your knowledge of certain subjects in your field. You will also be expected to participate in other vital aspects of academic life such as teaching, attending and presenting at conferences, grant writing, and publishing in academic journals.

The final step is the PhD defence. The after submitting your written thesis to your committee, they will set a date for your defence. The defence is an oral exam where you show your mastery of the subject area by explaining, discussing, and defending your thesis to a committee of internal and external examiners. The examiners also ask the candidate questions about their dissertation and the field more generally. If the defence is successful, the candidate is awarded their degree and the title of “Doctor”.

How long does it take to earn a PhD?

It can take anywhere from three to six years depending on the country you study in. European PhDs tend to be shorter as candidates begin working on their research projects right away, while American PhDs are longer and require couple years of coursework and exams before the candidate begins their research.

What qualifications do you need to do a PhD?

Drive, determination, and curiosity first of all! On a more practical side, excellent grades, strong letters of recommendation, and the appropriate qualifications. In most parts of Europe, a Master’s degree is a must for PhD applicants, while many American programs allow students to apply for a PhD straight from their undergraduate degree. You can read more about the requirements and PhD application process here .

How much will it cost?

It’s difficult to say how much a PhD will cost as it is so dependant on where you are from, where you study, and what you study. Some PhD are fully funded, such as those at the top American schools, while others are funded through university scholarships or national grants. In some parts of Europe, PhD students are paid nationally-legislated salaries. Occasionally PhD candidates do have to take out personal loans to fund their studies. You can find out more about what funding is available for PhD students from the posting itself, the departmental website, or the university’s graduate school website.

What can I do with a PhD?

A PhD is an essential qualification for a career in academia or research. It is the first step to becoming a lecturer or professor or a scientist at a university or research institute. However, not all PhDs choose to continue on in academia. The advanced research skills you learn during a PhD are advantageous in a variety of diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, finance, law, journalism, and tech.

Discover related jobs

Discover similar employers

Accelerate your academic career

Potential Red Flags to Consider When Choosing a PhD Supervisor

Here are some potential red flags you should keep an eye out for during ...

So You’re Defending Your Dissertation Tomorrow

One of the best things you can do today to prepare for your defence is t...

Fight Procrastination

Here are our best tips to stop procrastinating and get to work.

Homesickness in Grad School

Homesickness often goes hand in hand with a big move, especially if you’...

PhD, Professor, and Postdoc Salaries in the United States in 2024

Here’s a breakdown of the most common American job titles and their asso...

Studying in the US with a J-1 Visa

Are you going to study in the US on a J-1 visa? Here are our tips for pr...

Jobs by field

• Machine Learning 170
• Electrical Engineering 163
• Artificial Intelligence 158
• Programming Languages 139
• Computational Sciences 114
• Molecular Biology 110
• Mechanical Engineering 110
• Cell Biology 104
• Materials Engineering 99
• Management 91

Jobs by type

• Postdoc 262
• Assistant / Associate Professor 217
• Professor 139
• Researcher 105
• Tenure Track 93
• Lecturer / Senior Lecturer 75
• Engineer 46
• Research assistant 43

Jobs by country

• Belgium 195
• Switzerland 126
• The Netherlands 117
• Luxembourg 70

Jobs by employer

• Mohammed VI Polytechnic Unive... 75
• KU Leuven 73
• University of Luxembourg 68
• ETH Zürich 64
• KTH Royal Institute of Techno... 50
• Eindhoven University of Techn... 45
• Ghent University 42
• Silicon Austria Labs (SAL) 32
• Singapore Institute of Techno... 29

• Resources ›
• For Students and Parents ›
• Graduate School ›

A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate

• Choosing a Graduate Program
• Tips & Advice
• Admissions Essays
• Recommendation Letters
• Medical School Admissions
• Homework Help
• Private School
• College Admissions
• College Life
• Business School
• Distance Learning
• Ph.D., Developmental Psychology, Fordham University
• M.A., Developmental Psychology, Fordham University

More than 54,000 students earned doctoral degrees in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available, a 30 percent increase since 2000, according to the  National Science Foundation . A Ph.D., also called a doctorate, is a "Doctor of Philosophy" degree, which is a misleading moniker because most Ph.D. holders are not philosophers. The term for this increasingly popular degree derives from the original meaning of the word "philosophy," which comes from the ancient Greek word  philosophia , meaning "love of wisdom."

What Is a Ph.D.?

In that sense, the term "Ph.D." is accurate, because the degree has historically been a license to teach, but it also signifies that the holder is an "authority, in full command of (a given) subject right up to the boundaries of current knowledge, and able to extend them," says  FindAPhD , an online Ph.D. database. Earning a Ph.D. requires a hefty financial and time commitment— $35,000 to $60,000  and two to eight years—as well as research, creating a thesis or dissertation, and possibly some teaching duties.

Deciding to pursue a Ph.D. can represent a major life choice. Doctoral candidates require additional schooling after completing a master's program to earn their Ph.D.: They must complete additional coursework, pass comprehensive exams , and complete an independent dissertation in their field. Once completed, though, a doctoral degree—often called a "terminal degree"—can open doors for the Ph.D.holder, especially in academia but also in business.

Core Courses and Electives

To obtain a Ph.D., you need to take a group of core courses as well as electives, totaling about 60 to 62 "hours," which are roughly the equivalent of units at the bachelor's degree level. For example, Washington State University offers a  Ph.D. in crop science . Core courses, which make up about 18 hours, include such subjects as introduction to population genetics, plant transmission genetics, and plant breeding.

Additionally, the student must make up the remaining required hours through electives. The  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  offers a doctoral degree in Biological Sciences in Public Health. After core courses such as laboratory rotations, biological sciences seminars, and core principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, the Ph.D. candidate is required to take electives in related fields such as advanced respiratory physiology, advanced respiratory physiology, and ecological and epidemiological control of parasitic diseases. Degree-granting institutions across the board want to ensure that those who earn Ph.D.s have broad knowledge in their chosen field.

Thesis or Dissertation and Research

A Ph.D. also requires students to complete a large scholarly project known as a  dissertation , a research report—usually 60-plus pages—which signifies that they are able to make significant independent contributions to their chosen field of study. Students take on the project, also known as a  doctoral thesis , after completing the core and elective coursework and passing a  comprehensive examination . Through the dissertation, the student is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate her expertise.

According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, for example, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproved or supported by data collected through independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question as well as references to literature already published on the topic. Students must show that the  dissertation  is relevant, provides new insight into the chosen field, and is a topic that they can research independently.

Financial Aid and Teaching

There are several ways to pay for a doctoral degree: scholarships, grants, fellowships, and government loans, as well as teaching.  GoGrad , a graduate school information website, provides such examples as the:

• Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program, which provides full tuition and an annual stipend of $25,000 to $38,000.
• National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, a three-year graduate fellowship that is designed to support doctoral students across 15 engineering disciplines
• National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, a three-year program that provides an annual stipend of $34,000 and a $12,000 cost-of-education allowance for tuition and fees

As it does for bachelor's and master's degrees, the federal government also offers several  loan programs  to help students finance their Ph.D. studies. You generally apply for these loans by filling out the free application for federal student aid ( FAFSA ). Students planning to go into teaching after obtaining their doctoral degrees often also supplement their income by teaching undergraduate classes at the schools where they are studying. The University of California, Riverside, for example, offers a "teaching award"—essentially a stipend applied toward tuition costs—for Ph.D. candidates in English who teach undergraduate, beginning-level, English courses

Jobs and Opportunities for Ph.D. Holders

Education accounts for a large percentage doctoral awards, with elementary education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership and administration, special education, and counselor education/ school counseling topping the list. Most universities in the United States require a Ph.D. for candidates who seek teaching positions, regardless of the department.

Many Ph.D. candidates seek the degree, however, to boost their current salaries. For example, a health, sports, and fitness educator at a community college would realize a bump in annual pay for obtaining a Ph.D. The same holds for educational administrators. Most such positions require only a master's degree, but obtaining a Ph.D. generally leads to an annual stipend that school districts add to the annual salary. That same health and fitness instructor at a community college could also move on from a teaching position and become a dean at a community college—a position that requires a Ph.D.—boosting his pay to  $120,000 to $160,000  a year or more.

So, the opportunities for a doctoral degree holder are wide and varied, but the cost and commitment required are significant. Most experts say you should know your future career plans before you make the commitment. If you know what you want to get out of the degree, then the years of required study and sleepless nights may well be worth the investment.

• Understanding the Definition of a Doctoral Candidate
• What is an Ed.D. Degree?
• Admissions Interview? Be Prepared to Interview with Graduate Students
• A Step-By-Step Guide to Writing a Ph.D. Dissertation
• Medical Schools in Virginia
• Medical Schools in Georgia
• A Note About Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams
• What Comes After a Master's Degree?
• How to Decide Between a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Psychology
• Top Medical Schools in California
• Degree Requirements for Therapists
• How to Become a Doctor: Education and Career Path
• What Classes Will You Take in Medical School?
• Should You Get a Recommendation for Grad School from Your Therapist?
• Applying to Graduate Programs in Clinical or Counseling Psychology
• Undergraduate Courses that Prepare You for Medical School

• Engineering and Architecture
• Management and Business Administration
• Medicine and Allied Sciences
• Animation and Design
• Media, Mass Communication and Journalism
• Finance & Accounts
• Computer Application and IT
• Hospitality and Tourism
• Competition
• Study Abroad
• Arts, Commerce & Sciences
• Online Courses and Certifications

PhD. Full Form

• What Is The Full Form of PhD?

The full form of PhD is " Doctor of Philosophy ". It is a professional degree that, in most countries, qualifies the degree holder to teach their chosen subject at the university level or to work in a specialised position in their chosen area.

• What Is A PhD?

A PhD is a postgraduate academic degree granted by colleges and universities to a researcher who has submitted a dissertation or thesis, based on extensive and original research in their field of study.

It is the highest degree that a student can earn. Although certain colleges and educational institutions also permit students to acquire a PhD directly from their bachelor's degree, it often comes after a master's.

A PhD is a degree that requires three to four years of the full-time study course in which the student completes a substantial piece of original research which is then submitted as a thesis or dissertation. While some nations require coursework to be submitted, several PhD programs accept a portfolio of published works.

List of Disciplines For PhD program

Eligibility criteria for the phd, starting a phd., name of some phd entrance exams, job opportunities after phd., 1. academics, 2. government jobs, 3. consultancy, 4. digital media company, 5. research associate, advantages of phd., disadvantages of a phd degree.

Almost all of the major academic fields—Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Bio-Sciences, Biotechnology, Finance, Clinical Research, Zoology, Applied Sciences, Economics, Accounting, Social Work, Literature, Arts, Engineering, Psychology, Statistics, and Social Sciences—are offered as PhD programs.

A Second Class Master's or equivalent degree in the appropriate field from a recognised university in India or overseas, with at least an average of 55% of the total marks, or a grade point average of 3.5 on the UGC's (University Grants Commission) seven-point scale, is the prerequisite for admission to the PhD programs. In the case of SC/ST/OBC/differently-abled candidates, the minimum eligibility is an average of 45 % of total marks, or a grade point average of 2.50.

Candidates with an M.Phil. or an equivalent degree from an accredited institution in India or overseas may also apply for the PhD program.

A research proposal must be submitted in order to be admitted to the PhD program. The proposal should be accompanied by a research paper of approximately 1,000 words in length that specifies the general field of study, the research problem, the study's scope and objectives, its importance and justification, the methodology to be used, references, and the candidate's prior research and work experience in the field.

The topic or area of the doctoral research for which the candidate has been accepted, the minimum amount of time required before submitting their thesis, and the formal assessment methods preferred by the institution should all be officially informed to the candidate once registration is complete.

The majority of organisations will also give applicants a thorough description of the services and resources that the university's PhD and research students have access to. Institutions will also include a detailed outline of the milestones candidates must reach on their journey to achieve a PhD and the supervisor will be in charge of going through these milestones with them, making reports on their progress, and advising them on their next steps. Candidates will need to make adequate progress each year to pursue their PhD studies.

Whether candidates are opting for a PhD in IIT (Indian Institute of Technology), IIM ( Indian Institute of Management), or any other college in India, there is generally a specified entrance exam that one needs to qualify for.

UGC Net Exam

CSIR-UGC NET exam

JGEEBILS (Joint Graduate Entrance Examination for Biology and Interdisciplinary Life Sciences)

DBT JRF Biotech Entrance Test

TIFR Graduate School Admission Entrance Test

ICMR Junior Research Fellowship

JNU PhD. Entrance

NIPER PhD. Entrance Exam

The University of Hyderabad PhD. Entrance Exam

NBRC PhD. Entrance Exam

BITS PhD. Entrance Examination

AIIMS PhD. Entrance Exam

IISC PhD. Entrance Exam

NDRI PhD entrance exam

Babasaheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Lucknow – PhD. Admissions Test

Guru Jambheshwar University GJUST – PhD. Entrance Test

BARC PhD. Admission Test

ISM Dhanbad PhD. Admission Test

Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly PhD. Admission Test

BINC Bioinformatics National Certification BINC Examination

DU PhD. Entrance Exam

a. Faculty Position

Teaching is one of the most popular career choices after earning a PhD, mostly because of the overlap between academic work and what is required to earn the degree.

b. Post Doctorate

Another option is to select to attend the same university for a variable length of time (between one and four years) and receive an expanded project based on the previous one. additionally, attempt to publish their research articles. A postdoctoral researcher's pay may vary based on the institution, industry, field of study, level of expertise, etc.

c. Adjunct Position

It is a non-tenure post in academic institutions; these individuals don't have the title of professor but nonetheless significantly impact the faculty. Professionals holding adjunct employment at some colleges put in extra time and handle various academic duties.

d . Teaching

PhD holders are qualified to teach at universities that offer undergraduate courses and are looking for faculty members with this degree who can conduct real research. PhD, candidates can become assistant professors by instructing undergraduate students, serving on committees that develop organisational and academic policy, and conducting tenure-related research.

For patriotic and fervent PhD applicants who desire to serve the country, the government employment sector is ideal. Professionals who enjoy conducting research and applying their talents can count on the government sector PhD because the government is constantly looking for imaginative and skilled individuals.

Candidates with a PhD may take the government examination. They can work in many government departments, including those responsible for formulating policy, rural development, transportation, science research, the military, and foreign affairs, among others. In India, there are several government employment available for PhD holders.

Consultancy is a fairly well-known and lucrative career option for those with a PhD. Keeping up with a lot of data is one of the talents needed to be a consultant.

Since PhD holders have a strong capacity for critical thought, large consulting firms frequently hire them. They are adept at solving issues in an efficient and rational manner. PhD holders are capable of making decisions after thoroughly analysing the evidence.

The preparation of reports offering a thorough analysis and context on various issues is part of the job description. An individual with exceptional writing and research skills, which are very helpful while pursuing a writing employment opportunity at a media organisation, is prepared for a PhD course.

In order to ascertain whether customers or businesses find a product or service acceptable or enticing, research associates must collect data. It is one of the most sought-after positions after getting a PhD. The minimal criterion for work as a research associate is often a PhD. Furthermore, working as a research associate is a stable and well-paying job.

Better job prospects are one of the biggest advantages of earning a PhD. In addition, employees might anticipate higher pay and position inside the organisation than prospects.

Candidates for a PhD will interact with academics and peers both inside and outside the University while they are working toward it. and would have collaborated with renowned academics and specialists in the field made significant connections at conferences and worked with colleagues who can serve as outstanding professional recommendations for a postdoctoral career.

A PhD degree is normally regarded as prestigious and well-recognized. Doctorate degrees are difficult to get and are acknowledged and respected at all levels of society, so one can be proud of their hard work and accomplishments.

The true value of a PhD reflects achieving extensive knowledge and expertise in your profession. Your knowledge is not merely theoretical, but also helpful in solving problems, and you can share it with others. Your educated judgement will be highly appreciated in society

It requires a lot of problem-solving and critical thinking to finish a dissertation and earn a PhD, which is advantageous because these are the top two talents that employers look for nowadays.

An extensive length of time is needed to complete a PhD, and a minimum of 4-5 years are required to get your PhD.

Falling Behind on The Job Market: While you are working on your thesis, some people of your age will have already worked for a while and accumulated professional experience.

Finding academic positions might be challenging, but working as a university lecturer or researcher will provide you with the experience you need. However, there is competition because there are few academic employment available.

Finding work after earning a PhD may be more difficult as employers may believe you are overqualified for the position they are hiring for and, as a result, are more likely to leave the position quickly in search of a better one.

The vast majority of students struggle academically, necessitating a fourth writing-up year when funding is no longer an option. For a candidate's family, working full-time on a thesis but not making a living could be very difficult.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Yes, most PhD candidates receive a PhD stipend to support themselves during their studies. However, not all PhD studies are financed, as a result, some scholars may opt to support their PhDs on their own.

A PhD program generally takes four to seven years, but a variety of factors can influence that timeline.

Depending on the topic of study, level of experience and skill sets, the average yearly salary for PhD holders ranges from ₹6,00,000 to ₹12,00,000. Each young person obtaining a PhD earns an average of ₹16,73,500 per year as a professor and PhD holder. So, from a financial perspective, it is worthwhile.

After a PhD, if someone is keen to continue doing research, can pursue a postdoctoral fellowship in an educational institution and then work toward securing a tenure-track professorship.

A PhD entitles an individual to use the title doctor. These are the social and physical scientists who conduct and analyse published research.

Download Careers360 App

All this at the convenience of your phone.

Regular Exam Updates

Best College Recommendations

College & Rank predictors

Detailed Books and Sample Papers

Question and Answers

Scan and download the app

• Log in
• Site search

What is a PhD?

As the highest degree level achievable, completing a PhD shows that you've made a meaningful new contribution to your research field

PhDs at a glance

• Involves three or four years of full-time study, or up to seven part time.
• Typically undertaken after achieving a Masters degree.
• Can either be funded or self-funded.
• Assessed through a written thesis and oral exam.
• Many Doctoral graduates choose to pursue an academic or research career.

What does PhD stand for?

The term PhD or Doctorate of Philosophy is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase 'philosophiae doctor'.

A PhD degree typically involves students independently conducting original and significant research in a specific field or subject, before producing a publication-worthy thesis.

While some Doctorates include taught components, PhD students are almost always assessed on the quality and originality of the argument presented in their independent research project.

What are the most popular PhD subjects?

• clinical psychology
• creative writing
• computer science
• engineering.

How long does a Doctorate degree take?

Full-time PhDs usually last for three or four years, while part-time PhDs can take up to six or seven. However, the thesis deadline can be extended by up to four years at the institution's discretion. Indeed, many students who enrol on three-year PhDs only finish their thesis in their fourth year.

While most PhD studentships begin in September or October, both funded and self-funded PhDs can be undertaken at any point during the year.

Do I need a Masters to do a PhD?

The majority of institutions require PhD candidates to possess a Masters degree , plus a Bachelors degree at 2:1 or above. However, some universities demand only the latter, while self-funded PhD students or those with significant professional experience may also be accepted with lower grades.

You may need to initially register for a one or two-year Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Master of Research (MRes) degree rather than a PhD. If you make sufficient progress, you and your work will then be 'upgraded' to a PhD programme. If not, you may be able to graduate with a Masters degree.

If you need an MPhil or MRes before enrolling on your PhD, search Masters degrees .

What does a PhD involve?

A standard PhD by thesis degree is typically split into three stages. A three-year PhD may follow this pattern:

• First year - You'll meet with your supervisor to discuss your research proposal and agree an action plan with deadlines. You'll then complete your literature review, in which you'll evaluate and critique existing works to inform the direction of your project and ensure that your research will be original.
• Second year - Your focus will shift to gathering results and developing your thesis, and potentially begin writing chapters of your thesis. You may also present your results and ideas at academic conferences, gain teaching experience, collaborate with other students on similar projects, communicate the benefits of your research to the general public through workshops, lectures and presentations, or submit work for publication in an academic journal or book.
• Third year - Primarily involves writing your thesis, though your research may still be in progress. After your supervisor gives their approval, you'll submit your thesis before undertaking a one to three-hour oral exam ( viva voce ) in which you'll discuss and defend your thesis in the presence of at least one internal and external examiner.

How do I find a PhD?

As a PhD is different to other degrees, you're committing to more than simply an advanced qualification. You've chosen to engage in a large-scale independent research project and so you'll need to take into account a range of factors that will drive your search.

A methodical approach to the process is required and you'll need to consider the subject you're interested in carrying out research in and the type of Doctorate you're looking for, making sure this is the right project for you. Only when you're fully prepared and have a good idea of your research proposal should you search for PhD opportunities .

What other types of Doctorate are there?

Alternative types of PhD include:

• Higher Doctorate - These are usually granted on the recommendation of a committee of internal and external examiners, which assesses a portfolio of published, peer-reviewed research you've undertaken over the course of many years. This type of Doctorate is usually for those with several years of academic experience. Common award titles include the Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), Doctor of Divinity (DD), Doctor of Literature/Letters (DLit/DLitt/LitD/LittD), Doctor of Music (DMus/MusD), Doctor of Science (DS/SD/DSc/ScD) and Doctor of Law (LLD).
• Integrated/New Route PhD - This four-year PhD course is offered by over 30 universities and involves taking a one-year MRes before studying a three-year PhD. It combines taught elements with independent research, allowing students to learn different methodologies while building their transferable skills.
• Professional Doctorate - Geared towards students of vocational subjects such as medicine, education and engineering, professional Doctorates are focused on teaching and so normally involve smaller research projects and thesis component. They're often favoured by those aiming for a career outside of academia and are usually supported by employers.

Read more about the different PhD pathways at 5 routes to getting a Doctorate .

How much does a PhD cost?

Tuition fees vary, but usually fall between £3,000 and £6,000 per year for UK students and those from the European Union (EU) with settled status. UK Research Councils pay universities £4,786 per year (from 2024/25) on behalf of each funded PhD student, so this gives a good indication of the average figure.

For EU students looking to pursue a Doctorate in 2024/25, you'll need to have gained settled or pre-settled status to be eligible for student finance - see PhD loans .

Non-EU students may pay considerably more for their tuition fees.

Despite this, many PhD students are now part or fully funded - scholarships and bursaries are widely available, and particular attention should be paid to Research Council grants .

PhD studentships and assistantships involving a mixture of research and teaching are also common, with scientific studentships usually paid at a higher rate.

Read more about funding postgraduate study .

How do I apply for a PhD?

Some students propose their own research area and apply for funding, while in some cases a supervisor may already have funding for a project and advertise it like a job. When making a PhD application, you'll typically be asked to submit:

• an academic CV
• your academic transcripts
• two or three academic references
• a personal statement
• a research proposal.

International students without settled UK status looking to study certain courses in medicine, mathematics, engineering and material sciences are required to comply with the Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS) .

This involves undergoing a security clearance process with the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. International students may also have to prove their English proficiency.

Can I study a PhD abroad?

As the aim of postdoctoral research is to stretch the boundaries of understanding within your chosen field, you may find that the best place to begin your research lies overseas.

According to the Higher Education Student Statistics: UK, 2021/22 , 113,000 postgraduate research students are based in the UK, with 46,350 of these identified as international PhD candidates.

While studying in the UK has proved a strong draw for foreign PhD students, a number of other countries have also proved themselves to be research-orientated nations.

The following 15 countries all feature within the top 100 of the QS World University Rankings 2024 :

• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Switzerland

If you're interested in studying a PhD abroad, explore our country profiles .

What can I do next?

Your ability to critically analyse, display intellectual maturity, and research independently and honestly is highly valued within academia and the workplace.

Many students who undertake a PhD get an academic job or become an industry researcher, possibly following the PhD with postdoctoral study, then a fellowship or lectureship.

Other career options will depend on your study area. For instance, according to HESA's Graduate Outcomes 2020/21 data, a significant number of PhD graduates went on to work in teaching, natural and social science, therapy, and business, research and administrative careers.

Consider what else a PhD degree can lead to at your PhD, what next?

Find out more

• Get help with choosing your PhD supervisor .
• Discover 5 challenges faced by PhD students .
• Explore professional qualifications .

How would you rate this page?

On a scale where 1 is dislike and 5 is like

• Dislike 1 unhappy-very
• Like 5 happy-very

Thank you for rating the page