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How To Write A High-Impact Executive Summary

By Derek Jansen | January 2018

In this post, I’ll deconstruct the often-misunderstood executive summary and show you how to develop a high-impact executive summary for your assignment, research report or even your dissertation or thesis.

So, what is an executive summary?

An executive summary (sometimes called an abstract ) is quite simply a summary of summaries. In other words, an executive summary provides a concise summary of each of your assignment or report chapters/sections . More specifically, it should communicate the key points/insights/findings/suggestions from the following chapters:

• Introduction
• Recommendations
• Implementation (if applicable)
• Reflection (if applicable)

I’ll discuss which key points from each section need to be addressed a bit later. On a separate note – if you’re writing an executive summary for a dissertation or thesis, all of the concepts described in this post will still apply to you, however, you’ll include an additional paragraph about your methodology, and you’ll likely spend more word count discussing your analysis findings.

The 4 Important Attributes Of An Exec Summary

Before I discuss what goes into the executive summary, let’s quickly look at 4 attributes that make for a strong executive summary:

#1 – It should be able to stand alone.

The executive summary should be able to stand independently as an informative document . In other words, the reader should be able to grasp your broad argument without having to read the full document. Further reading should be purely for attaining more detail. Simply put, the executive summary should be a “Mini-Me” of the assignment.

This independence means that anything you write in the executive summary will need to be re-stated in the body of your assignment. A common mistake that students make is to introduce key points in the executive summary and then not discuss them again in the document – accordingly, the marker must view the main document as missing these key points. Simply put – make sure you discuss key points in both the executive summary and the main body . It will feel repetitive at times – this is normal.

#2 – It should be written for the intelligent layman.

When crafting your executive summary, its useful to keep the intelligent layman front of mind. What I mean by this is that you should write your summary assuming that your reader (i.e. the marker) will be intelligent but won’t be familiar with your topic and/or industry. This means that you should explain any technical concepts, avoid jargon and explain acronyms before using them.

More broadly, you should aim to make your executive summary as easy to read and digest as possible. The easier you make it for the marker to understand your arguments, the easier it is for them to award you marks for good arguments. To improve the readability of your writing, use simple but professional language, keep your sentences short and to the point, and round numbers off as much as possible (for example, $6.5 million vs $6,543,632). Try the Hemingway App for real-time feedback and recommendations on your writing.

#3 – It should be concise.

Typically, your executive summary should be a one-pager (one and a half pages at worst). To summarise a 3000 – 5000-word document into one page is no easy task, so you’ll need to:

• Present only the most important information (key insights, recommendations, etc).
• Write concisely – i.e. with brevity and completeness.

To the first point, I’ll explain what the “most important” information is for each chapter shortly. To the second point (writing concisely), there are various ways to do this, including:

• Using simple, straightforward language.
• Using the active voice.
• Removing bloaty adverbs and adjectives.
• Reducing prepositional phrases.
• Avoiding noun strings.

Does this sound like gibberish to you? Don’t worry! The Writing Center at the University of Wisconson-Madison provides a practical guide to writing more concisely, which you can download here.

On a related note, you typically would not include headings, citations or bulleted/numbered lists in your executive summary. These visual components tend to use a lot of space, which comes at a premium, as you know.

#4 – It should be written last.

Given that your executive summary is a summary of summaries, it needs to be written last , only once you’ve identified all your key insights, recommendations and so on. This probably sounds obvious, but many students start writing the summary first (potentially because of its position in the document) and then end up re-writing it multiple times, or they don’t rewrite it and consequently end up with an executive summary which is misaligned with the main document.

Simply put, you should leave this section until everything else is completed. Once your core body content is completed, you should read through the entire document again and create a bullet-point list of all the key points . From this list, you should then craft your executive summary . The approach will also help you identify gaps, contradictions and misalignments in your main document.

So, what goes into an executive summary?

Right, let’s get into the meat of it and consider what exactly should go into your executive summary. As I’ve mentioned, you need to present only the absolutely key point points from each of your chapters, but what does this mean exactly?

Each chapter will typically take the form of 1 paragraph (with no headings) in your executive summary. So, 5 chapters means 5 paragraphs. Naturally, some will be longer than others (let this be informed by the mark allocation), but assuming one page contains 500 words, you’re aiming for roughly 100 words per paragraph (assuming a 5-paragraph structure). See why conciseness is key!

Now, let’s look at what the key points are for each chapter in the case of a typical MBA assignment or report. In the case of a dissertation or thesis, the paragraph structure would still mimic the chapter structure – you’d just have more chapters, and therefore, more paragraphs.

Paragraph 1: Introduction

This paragraph should cover the following points:

• A very brief explanation of the business (what does it do, for whom and where?).
• Clear identification and explanation of the problem or opportunity that will be the focus of the assignment/report.
• A clear statement of the purpose of the assignment (i.e. what research questions will you seek to answer?).
• Brief mention of what data sources were utilised (i.e. secondary research) and any fieldwork undertaken (i.e. primary research ).

In other words, your first paragraph should introduce the business, the problem/opportunity to be addressed, why it’s important, and how you approached your analysis. This paragraph should make it clear to the reader what the assignment is all about at a broad level. Here’s a practical example:

This assignment focuses on ABC Ltd, a XXX business based in XXX, which provides XXX to XXX customers. To date, the firm has relied almost exclusively on XXX marketing channel. Consequently, ABC Ltd has little understanding of consumer segments, wants, and needs. This marketing channel is now under regulatory threat due to XXX.  The core challenge, therefore, is that whilst ABC Ltd seeks to grow its market share, it has little understanding of its market characteristics or competitive set, and its sole marketing channel under regulatory threat. Accordingly, the objective of this assignment is XXX. The assignment draws on survey, interview, and industry data.

Paragraph 2: Analysis and findings

In this paragraph, you should discuss the following:

• What exactly did you analyse? For example, you might have analysed the macro context (i.e. PESTLE analysis), followed by the meso (i.e. competitor or industry analysis) and then the micro (i.e. internal organisational analysis).
• What were your key findings in relation to the purpose of the assignment? For example, you may have identified 4 potential causes of a problem and would then state them.

In other words, your second paragraph should concisely explain what you analysed and what your main findings were . An example of this:

Segmentation analysis, consisting of macro, industry and firm-level analyses, revealed a strong segmentation variable in the form of XXX, with distinct needs in each segment. Macro analysis revealed XXX, while industry and firm-level analyses suggested XXX. Subsequently, three potential target segments were established, namely XXX, XXX and XXX.  These were then evaluated using the Directional Policy Matrix, and the results indicated XXX.

From a presentation perspective, you might structure this section as:

• Analysis 1, findings from analysis 1.
• Analysis 2, findings from analysis 2.
• Analysis 3, findings from analysis 3.

Importantly, you should only discuss the findings that are directly linked to the research questions (i.e. the purpose of the assignment) – don’t digress into interesting but less relevant findings. Given that the analysis chapter typically counts for a large proportion of marks, you could viably write 2-3 paragraphs for this. Be guided by the mark allocation.

Lastly, you should ensure that the findings you present here align well with the recommendations you’ll make in the next paragraph. Think about what your recommendations are, and, if necessary, reverse engineer this paragraph to create a strong link and logical flow from analysis to recommendations.

Paragraph 3: Recommendations

With the key findings from your analysis presented in the preceding paragraph, you should now discuss the following:

• What are your key recommendations?
• How do these solve the problems you found in your analysis?
• Were there any further conclusions?

Simply put, this paragraph (or two) should present the main recommendations and justify their use (i.e. explain how they resolve the key issue). As mentioned before, it’s critically important that your recommendations tightly align with (and resolve) the key issues that you identified in the analysis. An example:

Based on the Directional Policy Matrix analysis, it is recommended that the firm target XXX segment, because of XXX. On this basis, a positioning of XXX is proposed, as this aligns with the segment’s key needs. Furthermore, a provisional high-level marketing mix is proposed. The key aspects of the marketing mix include XXX, XXX and XXX, as these align with the firm’s positioning of XXX. By adopting these recommendations, the key issue of XXX will be resolved.

Also, note that (typically) the tone changes from past to present tense when you get to the recommendations section.

Paragraph 4: Implementation

If your assignment brief requires an implementation/project plan-type section, this paragraph will typically include the following points:

• Time requirements (how long will it take?)
• People requirements (what skills are needed and where do you find them?)
• Money requirements (what budget is required?)
• How will the project or change be managed? (i.e. project management plan)
• What risks exist and how will these be managed?

Depending on what level of detail is required by your assignment brief, you may need to present more, less or other details in this section. As always, be guided by the assignment brief.

A practical example:

A high-level implementation plan is proposed, including a stakeholder analysis, project plan and business case. Resource requirements are presented, detailing XXX, XXX and XXX requirements. A risk analysis is presented, revealing key risks including XXX, XXX and XXX. Risk management solutions are proposed, including XXX and XXX.

Paragraph 5: Reflection

As with the implementation chapter, the need for a reflection chapter/section will vary between assignments and universities. If your assignment has this requirement, it’s typically good to cover the following points:

• What were your key learnings? What were your ah-ha moments?
• What has changed in the real world as a consequence of these learnings? I.e. how has your actual behaviour and approach to “X” changed, if any?
• What are the benefits and/or disadvantages of this change, if any?

This section is very personal, and so each person’s reflections will be different. Don’t take the above points as gospel.

Time to test it out.

Once you’ve written up your executive summary and feel confident that it’s in good shape, it’s time to test it out on an unsuspecting intelligent layman. This is a critically important step, since you, as the writer, are simply too close to the work to judge whether it all makes sense to a first-time reader. In fact, you are the least suitable person on the planet!

So, find someone who is not familiar with your assignment topic (and ideally, not familiar with your industry), and ask them to have a read through your executive summary. Friends and family will usually tell you its great, regardless of the quality, so you need to test them on their understanding. Do this by asking them to give the details back to you in their own words. Poke and prod – can they tell you what the key issues and recommendations were (in their own words!). You’ll quickly spot the gaps this way, and be able to flesh out any weak areas.

Wrapping up.

In this post, I’ve discussed how to write the all too often undercooked executive summary. I’ve discussed some important attributes of a strong executive summary, as well as the contents that typically go into it. To recap on the key points:

The key attributes of a high-impact executive summary:

• It should be able to stand alone.
• It should be written for the intelligent layman.
• It should be concise.
• It should be written last.

The key contents of a high-impact executive summary:

Each paragraph should cover a chapter from the document. For example, In the case of a typical assignment, it would be something like:

• Summary of the introduction chapter.
• Summary of the analysis chapter.
• Summary of the recommendations and/or conclusions chapter.
• Depending – summary of the implementation and reflection.

Lastly, don’t forget to test out your executive summary on an unsuspecting layman or two. This is probably the most important step of them all!

If you have any questions or suggestions, we’d love to hear from you. Please get in touch here or leave a comment below.

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Thanks so much for your methodical process and explanation of Executive Summary. It is exactly what I was researching for.

Regards Saane

It’s a pleasure!

This was really helpful with how to structure my assignment.

Thank you so much for the step by step process. It’s so helpful for beginners like me.

Great! This post is very informative and gives clear guidance on to write an executive summary. Thanks very much for sharing this information, it’s very helpful.

Thanks for the feedback, Anna. Best of luck with your writing 🙂

Thank you for the great article, really helped explain what was needed.

Great insight and tips . Thanks

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How to Write a Great Executive Summary

In business, a lot of information is conveyed through lengthy, comprehensive documents like white papers, business plans, case studies, and research reports. A lot of money and other resource investments are on the line in most business decisions, so leaders and investors need to understand every factor and variable involved before making those decisions.

But the business world tends to move quickly, and that means professionals often don’t have the time to read extensive reports before starting projects or making decisions. This is where the executive summary comes in. An executive summary is a condensed version of a longer business document that enables readers to absorb the same information more quickly.

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What is an executive summary?

An executive summary is the abridged form of a business document. Although it can be tempting to compare an executive summary to an abstract for an academic report or paper, there is a key difference between these two types of document: An abstract is a synopsis of a report or paper that sums up the document, while an executive summary is a shortened version that still hits all the main document’s key points.

An executive summary gives readers, often business leaders, investors, partners, or purchasers, a sneak peek of the full contents so they can make decisions about how to proceed with the company or proposal. In this way, it’s similar to an elevator pitch , except it’s representing a piece of writing rather than an individual’s goals.

What types of documents or projects require an executive summary?

Often, executive summaries are associated with business plans. When an executive summary is part of a business plan, its purpose is largely to engage prospective investors and buyers.

But a business plan isn’t the only place you might find an executive summary. They’re also used with:

• Market surveys
• Research documents
• Business proposals
• Project plans
• Project proposals

Sections of an executive summary

Generally, an executive summary for a business plan includes the following sections:

• Table of contents

The table of contents lists the sections included in the main document. This gives an even more concise overview of the document and the executive summary itself.

• Company background/About

In the company background/about section, the reader learns about the company’s mission statement , market position, niche, and goals. In some cases, this section also includes a brief history of the company. This section provides context for the goals and strategies explained in the rest of the executive summary and the plan as a whole.

Market opportunities

This section discusses the opportunities present in the current market. It may present these opportunities as a problem to solve or as a need that can be fulfilled.

After introducing the opportunities, problems, or needs present in the current market, the solution section discusses how the company can capitalize on them.

• Competitive advantages

This section discusses how the business is uniquely positioned to succeed in reaching its goals through its plans.

• Financial highlights

The financial highlights section includes any financial insights relevant to the plan, such as current profit levels and expenses, and any funding the company hopes to secure.

These sections can vary somewhat depending on the document being summarized. For example, an executive summary for a project proposal might include a section that analyzes the state of the company’s industry as well as its specific market. It might also include a section that justifies the proposed course of action, citing internal concerns and how it fits into the company’s overall strategy.

Despite variations in their sections and content, every executive summary has the same goal: to provide a concise, informative look at the document so readers can engage with the company or plan more easily.

How to write an executive summary

Create an outline.

With just about any kind of writing, the best way to start is by creating an outline. An outline achieves a few goals:

• Organizes the key points into a coherent narrative
• Makes it easy to understand which points to include and which to omit
• Gives you a road map to follow as you write

Your outline serves as a useful tool when you prewrite . Ideally, the executive summary is the part of your document you write last, since you can’t summarize the full document if you don’t yet have a full document. With the full document in hand, jot down the key sections you need to include in your executive summary and the points to hit in each section. By doing this, you’re creating an outline after you’ve written (or been given) the full document and before you write the executive summary.

State and define the purpose or problem

As you write, remember your executive summary’s purpose. This should drive everything you write, including how you frame the problem the project aims to solve and where you include relevant statistics to support the proposed solution.

When writing about the purpose or problem the plan solves, give as much context as necessary without overexplaining. Remember, your readers will get the full story from the main document. However, the executive summary should give them a strong enough grasp of the problem that they aren’t surprised by anything they read in the full document.

Solution or next steps

After clearly defining the purpose or problem, explain the solution to that problem or the next steps outlined in your strategy. Similar to the section about the document’s purpose, this section should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a solid understanding of the solution without getting bogged down with lengthy explanations.

An executive summary’s conclusion is, in a lot of ways, just like any other conclusion . It reiterates the key points you made in the executive summary’s body sections, answers any questions the reader might have, and leaves them with a clear sense of what to do next (which is usually to read the full document).

How to format an executive summary

An executive summary doesn’t need to stick to a specific length or word count . Usually, they’re one to two pages long. However, achieving the goal—concisely explaining the document’s main points in a way that’s both authentic and engaging—is far more important than fitting a specific format.

Because an executive summary is part of a business document, it’s important to use a professional tone. That said, keep the jargon to a minimum—many of your executive summary’s readers, such as prospective buyers, might not be in your industry and will understand the document better if you use plain language . Use your discretion, though—if you know the document will be shared and read only internally, jargon might not be a concern.

Executive summary vs. an abstract

An abstract is a short overview of an academic document. It doesn’t answer everything; it acts as a teaser by giving the reader just enough information to make them start formulating questions and anticipate the answers they’ll find in the main document. In addition to this, an abstract helps the reader quickly determine whether the document contains the information they’re looking for. When the reader is doing research, abstracts save them a lot of time.

An executive summary, in contrast, provides a condensed version of the main document. Its goal isn’t to get the reader’s mind to formulate questions; it’s to give a full summary so they know what to expect from the main document.

Executive summary vs. project plan

A project plan is a blueprint for a project. It’s similar to an outline in that it maps the project’s big-picture elements, such as goals, budget, milestones, stakeholders, and success metrics. An executive summary is less technical than a project plan. It offers a rundown of the project’s most important information but doesn’t go as deep with statistics and figures.

Executive summary FAQs

An executive summary is a condensed version of a longer business document.

What is its purpose?

The purpose of an executive summary is to provide a quick look at the content in a longer business document. This makes it easier for readers, who may be business leaders, prospective partners and vendors, or investors, to understand and engage with the full document.

What kind of documents or projects require an executive summary?

• Business plans

What are the sections of an executive summary?

Each executive summary is unique, but they generally include the following sections:

• Introduction
• Market opportunity

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How to write an essay executive summary: examples and tips.

Home » How to Write an Essay Executive Summary: Examples and Tips

Essay summary writing is an essential skill for students and professionals alike. It's the art of distilling complex ideas into concise, impactful overviews that capture the essence of longer works. Mastering this skill can significantly enhance your academic performance and professional communication abilities.

At its core, an effective essay summary provides a clear snapshot of the main arguments, key points, and conclusions of the original text. It serves as a roadmap for readers, guiding them through the author's thought process without getting bogged down in excessive details. By honing your summary writing skills, you'll not only improve your comprehension of academic materials but also develop a valuable tool for quickly conveying information in various settings.

Crafting an Effective Essay Summary

Crafting an effective essay summary requires a delicate balance of concision and comprehensiveness. The key lies in distilling the essence of your essay while maintaining its core arguments and significance. Begin by carefully reviewing your essay, identifying the main thesis, key supporting points, and overarching conclusions.

As you write your summary, focus on capturing these crucial elements in a clear, coherent manner. Avoid getting bogged down in minor details or tangential information. Instead, aim to present a bird's-eye view of your essay that gives readers a solid understanding of its content and purpose. Remember, a well-crafted summary serves as both an introduction and a roadmap, guiding readers through the main ideas of your work efficiently and effectively.

Key Elements of Essay Summary Writing

Crafting an effective essay summary requires a keen eye for detail and a knack for distilling complex ideas. The key elements of essay summary writing include identifying the main argument, highlighting supporting evidence, and capturing the author's tone. A well-written summary should provide a concise overview of the essay's content without losing its essence.

To master the art of essay summary writing, start by carefully reading the original text multiple times. Focus on the thesis statement, topic sentences, and concluding remarks. Extract the core ideas and arrange them logically in your summary. Remember to maintain objectivity and avoid personal opinions or interpretations. By honing these skills, you'll be able to create compelling summaries that accurately represent the source material while engaging your readers.

Common Pitfalls in Essay Summary Writing

One of the most common pitfalls in essay summary writing is oversimplification. Many students, in their rush to condense information, strip away crucial nuances and context. This can lead to a summary that fails to capture the essence of the original essay, potentially misrepresenting the author's arguments or key points.

Another frequent mistake is excessive length. An effective executive summary should be concise, typically no more than 10% of the original essay's length. However, some writers struggle to distill the main ideas, resulting in summaries that are too verbose and lose their impact. Striking the right balance between brevity and comprehensiveness is crucial for crafting a powerful essay summary that engages readers and accurately reflects the source material.

Examples of Well-Written Essay Summaries

Crafting an effective essay summary requires skill and practice. A well-written summary captures the essence of the original work while maintaining clarity and conciseness. Let's explore some exemplary essay summaries to understand their key features and learn from their structure.

Consider a summary of George Orwell's "1984." A strong example might begin by stating the novel's dystopian setting and its exploration of totalitarian control. It would then briefly outline the main character's journey, touching on key plot points and themes such as surveillance, manipulation of truth, and the power of language. The summary would conclude by highlighting the book's enduring relevance and its warnings about unchecked governmental power.

Another excellent summary example could be for a scientific paper on climate change. This summary would start by clearly stating the research question and methodology. It would then concisely present the main findings, such as observed temperature increases and their correlation with human activities. The summary would end by discussing the implications of these findings and potential areas for further research.

Analyzing Effective Essay Summary Writing Examples

Analyzing effective essay summary writing examples can significantly enhance your ability to craft compelling executive summaries. By examining well-written samples, you can identify key elements that make them successful and apply these techniques to your own work. Start by looking at summaries from various academic disciplines to understand how different fields approach condensing complex information.

Pay attention to how these examples maintain the essence of the original essay while presenting a concise overview. Notice how they highlight the main arguments, key evidence, and conclusions without delving into excessive detail. Effective summaries often use clear, straightforward language to convey the core ideas quickly. As you study these examples, consider how they balance brevity with comprehensiveness, ensuring that readers grasp the essay's central themes without reading the full text.

Lessons Learned from Essay Summary Writing Examples

Examining essay summary writing examples can provide valuable insights into crafting effective executive summaries. One key lesson is the importance of conciseness; successful summaries distill complex ideas into clear, digestible points without losing essential information. Another crucial aspect is maintaining objectivity; exemplary summaries present the essay's main arguments without injecting personal opinions or biases.

Effective examples also demonstrate the art of structure. They often begin with a brief introduction to the essay's topic, followed by a concise overview of the main points. The best summaries conclude with a statement that encapsulates the essay's significance or implications. By studying these patterns, writers can improve their own summary-writing skills, learning to capture the essence of an essay in a compelling and informative manner.

Conclusion on Essay Summary Writing

Essay summary writing is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Mastering this art can significantly enhance comprehension and communication of complex ideas. A well-crafted executive summary distills the essence of an essay, providing readers with a concise overview of key points and arguments.

To excel in essay summary writing, focus on identifying the main thesis and supporting evidence. Practice extracting core ideas while maintaining the author's original intent. Remember, a good summary should be brief yet comprehensive, offering a clear snapshot of the entire essay. By honing this skill, you'll not only improve your academic performance but also develop valuable professional abilities for future endeavors.

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An executive summary is a thorough overview of a research report, policy paper, or other type of document that synthesizes key points for its readers, saving them time and preparing them to understand the study's overall content. It is a separate, stand-alone document of sufficient detail and clarity to ensure that the reader can completely understand the contents of the main research study. An executive summary can be anywhere from 1-10 pages long depending on the length of the report being summarized, or it can be the summary of more than one document [e.g., papers submitted for a group project].

Bailey, Edward, P. The Plain English Approach to Business Writing . (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 73-80 Todorovic, Zelimir William and Marietta Wolczacka Frye. “Writing Effective Executive Summaries: An Interdisciplinary Examination.” In United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Conference Proceedings . (Decatur, IL: United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 2009): pp. 662-691.

Importance of a Good Executive Summary

Although an executive summary is similar to an abstract in that they both summarize the contents of a research study, there are several key differences. With research abstracts, the author's recommendations are rarely included, or if they are, they are implicit rather than explicit. Recommendations are generally not stated in abstracts because scholars operate in a discursive environment, where debates, discussions, and dialogs are meant to precede the implementation of any new research findings. The conceptual nature of much academic writing also means that recommendations arising from the findings are distributed widely and not easily or usefully encapsulated. Executive summaries are used mainly when a research paper has been developed for an organizational partner, funding entity, or other external group that participated in the research or represents the targeted audience of the paper's findings . In such cases, the report and executive summary are often written for an audience outside of academe, while abstracts are written for the academic community. Professors, therefore, assign the writing of executive summaries so students can practice synthesizing and writing about the contents of comprehensive research studies for external stakeholder groups, such as, business leaders, policy makers, activists, or any other group, organization, or individual that may benefit from reading the full report.

When preparing to write, keep in mind that:

• An executive summary is not an abstract.
• An executive summary is not an introduction.
• An executive summary is not a preface [ i.e., focused only on the subject, scope, or aims of the paper]
• An executive summary is not a collection of highlights.

In short, an executive summary serves two purposes. It includes all the information necessary for the reader to understand and contemplate what is discussed and recommended in the full report without having to read it. At the same time, it also presents a compelling narrative aimed at encouraging the reader to read the entire report.

Christensen, Jay. Executive Summaries Complete The Report. California State University Northridge; Clayton, John. "Writing an Executive Summary that Means Business." Harvard Management Communication Letter (July 2003): 2-4; Keller, Chuck. "Stay Healthy with a Winning Executive Summary." Technical Communication 41 (1994): 511-517; Murphy, Herta A., Herbert W. Hildebrandt, and Jane P. Thomas. Effective Business Communications . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997; Vassallo, Philip. "Executive Summaries: Where Less Really is More." ETC.: A Review of General Semantics 60 (Spring 2003): 83-90 ; Writing an Executive Summary. Writing Center. University of Arizona Global Campus.

Structure and Writing Style

Writing an Executive Summary

Read the Entire Document Whether you are asked to write your own executive summary or you are assigned to write an executive summary of a research report, it is important that you read the entire study thoroughly from start to finish before you begin to write the executive summary. Take notes as you go along, highlighting important statements of fact, key findings, and recommended courses of action. This will better prepare you for how to organize and summarize the study. Remember this is not an abstract of 300 words or less but, essentially, a mini-paper of the paper, with a focus on recommendations.

Isolate the Major Points Within the Original Document Choose which parts of the document are the most important to those who will read it. These points must be included within the executive summary in order to provide a thorough and complete explanation of what the document is trying to convey.

Separate the Main Sections Closely examine each section of the original document and discern the main differences in each. After you have a firm understanding about what each section offers in respect to the other sections, write a few sentences for each section describing the main ideas. Although the format may vary, the main sections of an executive summary should include the following:

• An opening statement, with brief background information,
• The purpose of research study,
• Method of data gathering and analysis,
• Overview of findings, and,
• A description of each recommendation, accompanied by a justification. Note that the recommendations are sometimes quoted verbatim from the research study.

Combine the Information Use the information gathered to combine them into an executive summary that is no longer than 10% of the original document. Be concise! The purpose is to provide a brief explanation of the entire document with a focus on the recommendations that have emerged from the research. How you word this will differ depending on your audience and what they care about most. If necessary, selectively incorporate bullet points for emphasis and brevity. Re-read your Executive Summary After you've completed your executive summary, let it sit for a while before coming back to re-read it. Check to make sure that the summary can stand alone as a separate document from the full research study. By taking some time before re-reading it, you allow yourself to see the summary with fresh, unbiased eyes.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Length of the Executive Summary As a general rule, the correct length of an executive summary is that it meets the criteria of no more pages than 10% of the number of pages in the original document, with an upper limit of no more than ten pages [i.e., ten pages for a 100 page document]. This requirement keeps the document short enough to be read by your audience, but long enough to allow the reader to have a complete, stand-alone understanding of the study. Cutting and Pasting With the exception of specific recommendations made in the study, do not simply cut and paste whole sections of the original document into the executive summary. You should paraphrase information from the longer document. Avoid taking up space with excessive subtitles and lists, unless they are absolutely necessary for the reader to have a complete understanding of the original document. Consider the Audience Although unlikely to be required by your professor, there is the possibility that more than one executive summary will have to be written for a given document [e.g., one for policy-makers, one for private industry, one for philanthropists]. This may only necessitate the rewriting of the introduction and conclusion, but it could require rewriting the entire summary in order to fit the needs of the reader. If necessary, be sure to consider the types of audiences who may benefit from your study and make adjustments accordingly. Clarity in Writing One of the biggest mistakes you can make is related to the clarity of your executive summary. Always note that your audience [or audiences] are likely seeing your research study for the first time. The best way to avoid a disorganized or cluttered executive summary is to write it after the study is completed. Always follow the same strategies for proofreading that you would for any research paper. Use Strong and Positive Language Don’t weaken your executive summary with passive, imprecise language. The executive summary is a stand-alone document intended to convince the reader to make a decision concerning whether to implement the recommendations you make. Once convinced, it is assumed that the full document will provide the details needed to implement the recommendations. Although you should resist the temptation to pad your summary with pleas or biased statements, do pay particular attention to ensuring that a sense of urgency is created in the implications, recommendations, and conclusions presented in the executive summary. Be sure to target readers who are likely to implement the recommendations.

Bailey, Edward, P. The Plain English Approach to Business Writing . (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 73-80; Christensen, Jay. Executive Summaries Complete The Report. California State University Northridge; Executive Summaries. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Clayton, John. "Writing an Executive Summary That Means Business." Harvard Management Communication Letter , 2003; Executive Summary. University Writing Center. Texas A&M University;  Green, Duncan. Writing an Executive Summary.   Oxfam’s Research Guidelines series ; Guidelines for Writing an Executive Summary. Astia.org; Markowitz, Eric. How to Write an Executive Summary. Inc. Magazine, September, 15, 2010; Kawaski, Guy. The Art of the Executive Summary. "How to Change the World" blog; Keller, Chuck. "Stay Healthy with a Winning Executive Summary." Technical Communication 41 (1994): 511-517; The Report Abstract and Executive Summary. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing Executive Summaries. Effective Writing Center. University of Maryland; Kolin, Philip. Successful Writing at Work . 10th edition. (Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2013), p. 435-437; Moral, Mary. "Writing Recommendations and Executive Summaries." Keeping Good Companies 64 (June 2012): 274-278; Todorovic, Zelimir William and Marietta Wolczacka Frye. “Writing Effective Executive Summaries: An Interdisciplinary Examination.” In United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Conference Proceedings . (Decatur, IL: United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 2009): pp. 662-691.

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Executive Summary: Research Guidelines for A+ Papers

• Icon Calendar 30 July 2024
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When people work on organizing their research papers, they need effective guidelines on how to write an executive summary. This article provides insights students should grasp to create high-standard texts, including defining what is an executive summary, its meaning, and its basic format and structure. About its structure and format, a particular guideline teaches students all the sections of an executive summary, such as introduction, purpose statement, methods, findings, recommendations, limitations, implementation, and conclusion elements, corresponding contents of each part, and how to write each element. Other insights include 20 tips for producing a high-standard executive summary, including 10 dos and 10 don’ts, what to include, and 10 common mistakes. Lastly, the article gives a sample outline template for writing a good executive summary and a practical example of this section of a research paper.

General Aspects

A habit of reading different types of papers is helpful to a student’s mental preparation for course assessments but, more importantly, to their intellectual development. Reading various types of essays, reports, and research papers also induces mental faculties of intellect, reason, imagination, and intuition, which are essential for academic discourse. Indeed, one can tell a writer who reads habitually by how they construct and defend arguments and ideas in their works. Basically, this guideline for writing an effective executive summary includes essential insights into what students should and should not do when writing this element. In principle, the three main elements of an executive summary are an introduction, key findings, and recommendations. A provided article also defines what is an executive summary and its meaning, outlines its format and distinctive features, shows how to write each part of this section of a research paper, explains concepts, and gives helpful tips for producing a high-standard document. In turn, this guideline gives a sample outline template of a project paper and an example of an executive summary, as well as what people can include and what they should avoid when organizing such an element.

What Is an Executive Summary and Its Purpose

According to its definition, an executive summary is a brief text that accounts for main points of a longer document, mainly a market study report, project plan, and business proposal. In this respect, such a text serves the same purpose as an abstract, the only difference being that it is not used in research papers (Thomas, 2022). Ideally, an abstract is a short and descriptive section of essential details of a research paper, such as background, methodology, results, and conclusion. In contrast, an executive summary means writing a comprehensive overview of a report, research proposal, or project that explains its main points, including recommendations (Rehart, 2021). As such, the main purpose of writing an executive summary is to highlight key points, findings, and recommendations without requiring a reader to read a full report. Practically, an abstract is between 0.5-1 page, while an executive summary is about 5-10% of a document’s total word count. Since the primary purpose of an executive summary is to summarize an entire paper and its research comprehensively, this part precedes an introduction section of a report, proposal, or business plan (Rehart, 2021). In terms of pages and words, the length of an executive summary depends on academic levels and document complexities, while general writing guidelines are:

High School

• Length: 0.5-1 page
• Word Count: 125-250 words
• Length: 1-2 pages
• Word Count: 250-500 words

University (Undergraduate)

• Length: 1-3 pages
• Word Count: 250-750 words

Master’s

• Length: 2-4 pages
• Word Count: 500-1,000 words
• Length: 3-6 pages
• Word Count: 750-1,500 words

Note: Some sections of an executive summary can be added, deleted, or combined with each other, and it depends on an entire paper’s length and its scope of research. Basically, the five main parts of an executive summary are an introduction, problem or purpose, methodology, key findings, and recommendations (Thomas, 2022). Moreover, an executive summary typically appears at the beginning of most documents, before an introduction section and after a title page. In turn, an executive summary is usually one to two pages long, or about 10% of a total length of a main document. Finally, to start an executive summary, people begin with a concise statement that introduces a main paper’s purpose and research scope of a document.

Distinctive Features

An executive summary is identifiable by specific features that distinguish it from other texts, including essays and research papers. For example, to write an executive summary, people clearly and concisely present a main purpose for research, key findings, conclusions, and recommendations of a document, ensuring this part captures a paper’s essence and an actual importance of a full report (Giampalmi, 2023). Essentially, all scholarly documents require the same level of mental preparation by writers to produce high-quality work. However, students must understand that some papers are demanding because of their contents, which underscore a basic essay outline. The main contents that earmark distinctive features of an executive summary are an introduction, a purpose statement, methods, findings, recommendations, limitations, an implementation plan, and a conclusion.

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1️⃣ Introduction

An introduction of an executive summary highlights a document’s topic, which emphasizes the type of paper it is, such as a business proposal, project report, or market research report. In principle, an executive summary must be short and precise because a central focus is a chosen topic, and one should use a bridge sentence or short paragraph for an introduction (Falkenberg et al., 2024). In turn, some examples of sentence starters for beginning an executive summary are:

• This executive summary includes critical findings and strategic recommendations derived from a comprehensive analysis of [topic/issue].
• A primary objective of this report is to present main results and implications of extensive research on [topic/issue].
• This document synthesizes essential insights and proposed actions based on a presented investigation of [topic/issue].
• This proposal covers significant outcomes and strategic recommendations for an in-depth study of [topic/issue].
• A particular purpose of this study is to examine key conclusions and actionable insights from an entire evaluation of [topic/issue].
• This plan provides a concise overview of major findings and strategic advice resulting from a particular analysis of [topic/issue].
• A current business report outlines primary discoveries and strategic proposals from a rigorous examination of [topic/issue].
• This project paper aims to present pivotal results and recommendations identified through comprehensive research on [topic/issue].
• This business proposal offers a valid presentation of critical points and strategic implications derived from a particular study on [topic/issue].
• This executive summary for a research paper highlights core findings and proposed strategies based on a detailed literature review of [topic/issue].

2️⃣ Purpose Statement

A purpose statement of an executive summary communicates a document’s primary objective. In this respect, such an element provides a brief background of an assigned topic to enhance a reader’s understanding of an actual essence of an entire document (Rehart, 2021). In turn, a particular language in this part reflects an expected end, while common terms include ‘aim,’ ‘goal,’ ‘purpose,’ or ‘objective.’

3️⃣ Methods

In an executive summary, methods outline a scholar’s approach to achieving a primary objective, such as examining official data, conducting a field study, reviewing existing literature, or interviewing stakeholders. Basically, people need to understand that this component differs from methodology and literature review sections of research papers (Younas & Ali, 2021). In other words, this element does not detail the methods one has used to complete an entire work. On the other hand, authors need to outline particular strategies that help writers to better understand critical issues, such as challenges to a sector, stakeholder sentiments, industry insights, or potential barriers.

4️⃣ Findings

Findings in an executive summary are study outcomes of discussed methods. For example, it is what a scholar has discovered about a specific issue, such as an industry, stakeholders, or a project (Rehart, 2021). This component is crucial to readers because it offers a sneak peek into study outcomes that underscore a primary purpose of an entire document: project report, market research report, or business proposal.

5️⃣ Recommendations

Recommendations in an executive summary underscore a writer’s perspective regarding different issues that a research paper addresses as a challenge or problem. For example, if a given paper is a report about healthcare status, potential challenges or problems it identifies may be nursing shortages or medical errors (Thomas, 2022). In turn, provided recommendations should highlight what stakeholders, like the government and health institutions, must do to overcome these challenges or problems. Finally, such recommendations address what must be done to rectify a situation or make it possible to achieve specific outcomes.

6️⃣ Limitations

Like a research paper, an executive summary must point out some limitations that a document’s author encountered in reporting about a project or business plan. For example, these limitations may include a lack of goodwill among stakeholders, sufficient time to investigate a matter, or resources to execute a particular task (Thomas, 2022). This information is essential to a target audience because it indicates some dynamics influencing a primary objective.

7️⃣ Implementation Plan

An implementation plan is a component in an executive summary that provides a framework for adopting and implementing the recommendations. Typically, this information includes claims and activities, people responsible, a specific timeframe, and budget allocation (Rehart, 2021). Sometimes, an evaluation plan is also part of an implementation section.

8️⃣ Conclusion

A conclusion part of an executive summary is a call to action about a project paper, market research report, or business proposal. Unlike conclusions in other academic papers and essays that summarize paper’s main points, a conclusion part of an executive summary gives a direction about a whole document (Morris et al., 2024). Essentially, writers use this component to call to action an intended audience to adopt offered recommendations or compel stakeholders to adopt a particular perspective. In turn, this part also persuades a target audience to adopt a particular stance regarding a report or proposal.

Length Differences

Students should know the length of each of the above sections, except introduction and conclusion parts, depending on a document’s total length, which determines a specific word count of an executive summary. For example, a long and robust project report or business proposal requires a long executive summary with an extended purpose statement, methods, findings, recommendations, limitations, and implementation, which means the length of 4-10 double-spaced pages, or 2-5 single-spaced pages, or 1,000–2,500 words, depending on a particular volume of an overall work (Rehart, 2021). Typically, introduction and conclusion sections take a statement or short paragraph of 0.5-1 double-spaced page or 125-250 words, irrespective of a research paper or executive summary’s length. However, if a research paper is a long work of more than 10 double-spaced pages, 5 single-spaced pages, or 2,500 words, introduction and conclusion parts should not exceed 5-10% of a whole word count (Rehart, 2021). Besides, a corresponding body section of an executive summary must take about 80-90% of a total word count of a research paper, not less. The word count of a title page, a table of contents, an abstract, a reference page, and an appendix is not considered since these parts are technical and do not mean writing itself.

Structure and Writing of Each Section

Writing an executive summary requires students to demonstrate an understanding of its purpose. This understanding means students should know when to write its content, what to talk about, and how to write each of the sections above. On the other hand, to write a well-organized executive summary for a report, people concisely summarize a paper’s purpose and its scope of research, methodology, key findings, conclusions, and recommendations (Giampalmi, 2023). Therefore, writing an executive summary is essential to approach carefully and with the utmost focus.

1️⃣ Writing an Executive Summary as a Last Action

Because an executive summary overviews an entire research paper, students should write this part after finishing their market research papers, project reports, or business proposals. However, one should read and reread a whole document to know the most significant points forming part of brief components (Thomas, 2022). By writing an executive summary as a last item, one can have a mental picture of what to address to give a target audience a comprehensive sneak peek into a research document.

2️⃣ Making Notes of Important Aspects

While reading and rereading a research paper, students should take notes of the most critical aspects of their work that must appear in an executive summary. Moreover, one should identify crucial information in an introduction, a purpose statement, methods, findings, recommendations, limitations, an implementation plan, and a conclusion (Rehart, 2021). As such, these aspects must address each section above.

Writing an Introduction Part

When writing a college essay introduction, students must refrain from going into details about a specific purpose of a whole text because they will have an opportunity to do so later. While one may mention a document’s background, this person should make it concise to contextualize an assigned topic (Giampalmi, 2023). The most crucial detail is that an introduction part of an executive summary should be a sentence or brief paragraph. In turn, to write a well-structured executive summary for an essay, people succinctly present a main argument, key points, and conclusions of an entire paper, ensuring it captures an actual essence and significance of its content.

Writing a Purpose Statement Part

When writing a research paper’s purpose, students should communicate a specific type of document, such as a business proposal, a market report, or a project composition. The next thing is to state a valid background, provide a particular reason for writing, like sourcing funds, recommend solutions, or report progress and challenges (Rehart, 2021). However, one should avoid going into detail because they will do so later in an executive summary of a research paper.

Writing a Methods Part

When writing a methods section, one should focus on giving an intended audience a sense of a particular strategy that helps achieve study outcomes. However, students should approach this part differently than a methodology section of a research paper (Giampalmi, 2023). Instead, they should mention what they did to execute an entire work, such as interviewing stakeholders or analyzing official data. The best way to approach this section is to list everything one did to make a research paper.

Writing a Findings Part

Since a primary purpose of a findings section in a research paper is to narrate outcomes, students should write it in the past tense. Therefore, when writing this section of an executive summary, authors should see themselves as reporters educating a target audience about what they have learned in executing a particular task (Giampalmi, 2023). An essential detail students should note when writing this section is to refer to credible sources of information that lead to the findings. These reliable sources can be documents, organizations, individuals in leadership, or industry experts.

Writing a Recommendations Part

When writing a recommendations section in an executive summary for a research paper, students should focus on giving a clear and brief paragraph of what should happen after the findings. Essentially, one should address key decision-makers or stakeholders because they are responsible for creating change through policy (Rehart, 2021). The best approach to writing recommendations is to interrogate each challenge or problem and related findings to understand what must happen to create positive outcomes.

Writing a Limitations Part

The best approach to writing a limitations section in an executive summary for a research paper is to interrogate possible challenges. For example, such aspects that one has faced in a discussed project may include as a lack of goodwill among stakeholders or sufficient time, resources, or support (Rehart, 2021). Ideally, authors aim to inform an intended audience of some factors that have complicated their work or may complicate an overall implementation of offered recommendations.

Writing an Implementation Plan Part

When writing an implementation plan in an executive summary, students should focus on telling a target audience a specific procedure for actualizing provided recommendations. In this respect, the best approach to writing this section is to interrogate offered recommendations to determine what must happen to actualize each (Giampalmi, 2023). In principle, some issues to consider may include people in charge of implementation, such as an organization’s human resource director, a specific time it would take to actualize (timeline), a study budget, and how to measure success (evaluation).

Writing a Conclusion Part

When writing a conclusion part, students should aim to persuade an intended audience to adopt a particular stance regarding a research paper or proposal. Although one might reiterate a particular topic, it is not necessary to mention each of the preceding sections (Giampalmi, 2023). Instead, authors should focus on sending a strong communication regarding a central theme of a document. The best approach to writing a conclusion section is to influence a target audience’s perspective on an assigned topic in accordance with offered recommendations and implementation plan steps.

3️⃣ Explaining Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Key Terms

Since an executive summary is an overview of a market research paper, project report, or business plan, authors should write it clearly and precisely. For example, to write a correct executive summary for a research proposal, people briefly summarize a suggested purpose, key objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and recommendations (Thomas, 2022). As such, the best approach is to use simple language and define all acronyms, abbreviations, and key terms. In turn, students should not assume that readers know what each acronym, abbreviation, and key term means when they read complete documents.

4️⃣ Proofreading, Revising, and Editing

After completing writing a research paper, students should proofread a complete document to identify grammatical and formatting mistakes and inconsistent arguments and ideas. For example, the best way to fix these mistakes and flaws is to revise a whole research paper by fixing mistakes, like missing punctuation and wrong citations, and editing a document by adding or deleting words and sentences to create a logical order of thoughts and ideas (Giampalmi, 2023). In turn, authors must be factual, not use word count fillers, and avoid unnecessary repetitions. Besides, they should know that a target audience is not interested in stories but in factual communication that makes logical sense.

Outline Template

Like essays, executive summaries have a specific structure students should demonstrate in their writing. The sections above underscore this outline template, meaning students should know what each section of writing an executive summary for a research paper entails and how to write it. Basically, the best way to write a high-quality executive summary is to create a template and populate this outline with ideas for a project, a business plan, a proposal, or a report (Giampalmi, 2023). In turn, such a preparation helps students to have a mental picture of a particular kind of document they want to have and a right attitude when writing.

I. Introduction: [Introduce a specific topic and state a particular kind of document, such as a market research paper, project report, or business plan].

II. Purpose Statement: [Explain a primary objective of a research paper, such as investigating a problem, souring some funds, or reporting its progress].

III. Methods: [Enumerate how a specific task is accomplished, such as examining official data, interviewing stakeholders, or reviewing existing literature].

IV. Findings: [Provide study outcomes of discussed methods, such as what official data reveals, stakeholders’ sentiments, or what research says].

V. Recommendations: [State clearly what stakeholders or key decisions must do to address possible challenges or problems that the findings reveal].

VI. Limitations: [Discuss defined challenges or problems that were encountered in completing a particular task, such as poor time management, a lack of support, or absent goodwill by stakeholders].

VII. Implementation Plan: [Include what stakeholders or key decision-makers must do to actualize provided recommendations, such as identifying a person responsible and establishing a budget and timeline].

VIII. Conclusion: [Persuade a target audience to adopt offered recommendations and work toward creating change by facilitating an implementation plan].

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Executive Summary Example

Topic: A Need for Proactive Climate Change Initiatives

I. Introduction

Stakeholders in a particular climate change discourse must shift their focus from discourse to practical, proactive measures to demonstrate seriousness in tackling the biggest threat of the millennium.

II. Purpose Statement

A Particular purpose of writing this executive study is to examine a current status of a climate change discourse, interrogate dynamics that make it unpromising as a practical solution to a particular crisis, and recommend what stakeholders must do to restore hope to millions globally who are afraid that climate change poses the biggest threat to an overall existence of current and future generations.

III. Methods

An executive report employs several data-gathering methods to achieve these objectives, including examining a climate change discourse over the decades to identify key themes: environmental policies, greenhouse gases, industrial pollution, natural disasters, weather forecasts, and others. Another method is interrogating research and official data on climate change by government agencies in the last three decades. A current report also considers interviews with environmentalists, social justice advocates, government officials, and leaders of organizations that dedicate their mission to creating awareness about a particular need for environmental conservation and preservation.

IV. Findings

Overall, the methods above reveal worrying findings about a discussed climate change discourse:

• Human activities, including industries and deforestation, have increased global warming to 1.1 degrees C, triggering unprecedented changes to the Earth’s climate. The lack of consensus on reversing human-induced global warming among the most industrialized countries suggests that such a trend will worsen in the coming decades.
• Adverse impacts of climate change are evident on people and ecosystems. Without urgent practical interventions, these impacts will become more widespread and severe with every additional degree of global warming.
• Developing and implementing adaptation measures in communities can effectively build and foster the resilience of people and ecosystems. However, stakeholders must interrogate their climate change funding priorities for effective proactive interventions.
• Communities will continue recording climate-induced losses and damages as long as communities cannot adapt to some impacts of this global problem. An example is 1.1 degrees C of global warming.
• Projections indicate global greenhouse gas (GHC) emissions will peak at 1.5 degrees C before 2025 in selected at-risk pathways.
• Burning fossil fuels remains a leading cause of a global climate crisis.
• Carbon removal is the most effective and practical solution to limiting global warming from peaking at 1.5 degrees C.
• There is a lack of commitment by key stakeholders to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation.
• Climate change and collective efforts to mitigate and adapt to its impacts will exacerbate global inequity if stakeholders do not prioritize just transition.

These findings of a research paper confirm that a climate change discourse is alive to the threat the global problem poses to people and ecosystems and the weaknesses in current interventions.

V. Recommendations

This executive report recommends that key stakeholders, including governments, communities, policy experts, and financiers, must adopt to prioritize practical solutions to the global climate crisis.

• Stakeholders must target a net-zero climate-resilient future through urgent, systemwide transformations.
• Adopt policies that enhance access to fresh produce by establishing a relationship between farmers and consumers.
• Improve awareness about the critical benefits of organic foods.
• Consider policies that promote regenerative farm practices to eliminate toxins and revitalize soils.
• Create infrastructures for transforming waste into compost manure for farm use.
• Develop policies that encourage communities to embrace a green neighborhood.

VI. Limitations

This executive report recognizes several limitations that have made a real fight against climate change unproductive and threaten current and future endeavors to arrest the crisis. For example, stakeholders need to note that these limitations may undermine a particular implementation of provided recommendations in this report. One limitation is a lack of goodwill among key stakeholders. The four leading industrial powers, namely the United States, China, India, and Brazil, contribute to significant global atmospheric temperature increases. Traditionally, these countries have refused to agree on how to cut back on industries primarily because they are the main drivers of their economies. Another limitation is the mis-prioritization of financing, where much focus is on theoretical interventions, such as agreements and seminars, at the expense of practical solutions like building infrastructures for transforming waste into usable products. While stakeholders agree on an actual essence of the 3R (reuse, reduce, and recycle) framework, there is little practical implementation at the community level.

VII. Implementation Plan

A particular implementation plan for recommendations provided above recognizes government agencies as the most suitable implementers because official bodies are key stakeholders who finance climate change initiatives. A proposed business plan considers that, to shift a current climate change fight from mere discourse to practical evidence, stakeholders must prioritize the following:

• A budget of at least $50 million annually at the country level;
• A period of between 2-5 years; and
• Periodic evaluation of progress through at least one annual seminar or conference.

VIII. Conclusion

This executive research paper calls on all stakeholders in a discussed climate change discourse to reconsider a current focus by recognizing its failure to create meaningful change as evidence shows this crisis continues to worsen. Instead, they should focus on practical, proactive interventions focusing on communities because that is where much environmental damage happens. It is also where defined adversities of a current crisis manifest most powerfully.

Steps on How to Write an Executive Summary

Writing an executive summary is a technical undertaking requiring students to consider each section’s basic structure and essential details. When writing a research paper, one must know when to write each section and what to say (Thomas, 2022). In this respect, preparation, stage setup, writing a first draft of an executive section, and wrap-up are essential steps students should follow to produce a research paper document that meets quality standards. As a result, an executive summary should include a document’s purpose, key findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Step 1: Preparation

As a first step in writing an executive summary, preparation helps auhtors to develop a proper mindset. For example, this step involves knowing a basic structure and what to write in each section of a research paper (Giampalmi, 2023). Therefore, a critical task for students in this stage is constructing a basic structure and stating what must happen in each section.

Step 2: Stage Setup

Setting up a stage is a second step in writing an executive summary. For instance, this step involves reading and rereading a document to identify critical details to address in each section of a basic structure (Giampalmi, 2023). The best approach to achieve this outcome is to make notes of the most vital data when reading a research paper.

Step 3: Writing a First Draft

A third step is to create a first draft of an executive summary by putting all the critical data into relevant sections. Ideally, people must start with a clear introduction where they point out a focal point of a research paper and then move to a study’s purpose statement, methods, findings, recommendations, limitations, implementation plan, and conclusion (Rehart, 2021). Each research section must summarize and not explain the most critical data.

Step 4: Wrap-Up

Wrapping a first draft into a final version of a research paper is a last step in writing an executive summary. This stage involves proofreading, revising, and editing a first version of an executive section to eliminate grammar mistakes and inconsistent statements (Rehart, 2021). As a result, authors must perfect their executive summaries of research papers by fixing errors and flaws that affect a logical progression of ideas and thoughts and an overall quality of an entire text.

Writing an executive summary can be demanding, particularly for students who do not prepare well or do not know what is most important. The following tips can be helpful: begin an executive summary by explaining why a specific topic is important; state a particular purpose of a research paper by outlining a unique problem and why it is essential or relevant to an intended audience; explain study methods that help to execute a defined task; state research findings; enumerate some limitations by addressing dynamics that undermine an overall implementation of solutions; consider different recommendations and list them using numbers or bullet points; outline an implementation plan that identifies a person or entity that oversee its execution, a budget allocation, and how to evaluate progress; and write a conclusion that persuades a target audience to adopt a particular perspective about a chosen topic. In turn, 10 dos and 10 don’ts that people should consider when writing their executive summaries in their research papers are:

• reading a research paper thoroughly to identify a primary objective, methods for collecting data, key findings, recommendations, significant limitations, and an implementation strategy;
• considering an intended audience of an executive summary to determine whether to use simple or technical language;
• writing formally and avoiding jargon;
• outlining a specific structure that considers all the main sections (introduction, purpose statement, methods, key findings, recommendations, limitations, implementation, and conclusion);
• organizing a brief text in a summary format;
• using a short, clear, precise, and captivating opening statement to hook readers;
• including each section to state the most critical details;
• focusing on summarizing a research paper rather than explaining its contents;
• reviewing a complete document for incorrect information;
• proofreading, revising, and editing an executive summary to eliminate all mistakes.

10 Dont’s

• using jargon to simplify complex terms and phrases;
• explaining rather than summarizing a research paper;
• creating too many grammar mistakes, such as missing punctuation and confusing words with a similar pronunciation;
• ignoring a basic outline for writing;
• writing a lengthy introduction;
• concentrating on some sections more than others;
• explaining ideas or concepts not discussed in a main text;
• providing a very short or long summary that does not align with a document’s total word count;
• beginning an executive summary with anecdote or irrelevant information;
• placing an executive summary at the end of a research paper.

Things to Remember

An executive summary in APA or any other format is a brief and well-structured summary of a long scholarly document, such as a research paper, that follows corresponding style guidelines, including a title, a clear statement of main points, and proper citations. In turn, general writing recommendations to remember include:

• Tell an interesting story. Writers should approach an executive summary as a platform for inducing a reader’s interest in reading a research paper. As such, one should use each section to tell what is most crucial to an intended audience.
• Highlight critical data. Writers should focus on what is most critical in each section of a brief text, emphasizing statistical data because it is visually captivating.
• Maintain a formal tone from beginning to end. Writers should avoid using jargon to simplify complex concepts or terminologies.
• Write an executive summary after completing an actual research paper. Writing an executive summary as a last element of a research paper helps one to approach this document as a final overview of main points. In turn, a typical mistake of starting an executive summary before writing an actual research paper is that authors can write about details they fail to address in a final version of a document.

What to Include

Common mistakes.

• Being Too Lengthy: An executive summary should be concise and straight to a single point, avoiding unnecessary details.
• Lacking Clarity: Failure to clearly present main points can confuse readers and dilute the impact.
• Ignoring a Target Audience: Not tailoring a presented content to specific needs and interests of an intended audience can make it less relevant and engaging.
• Overloading With Technical Jargon: Using too much technical language can make it difficult for non-expert readers to understand its content.
• Missing Key Information: Omitting essential findings or recommendations can leave readers without a clear understanding of a report’s significance.
• Focusing on Minor Details: Including trivial details can distract from a main message and reduce a research paper’s effectiveness.
• Inconsistent Tone: An inconsistent tone can make a brief text appear unprofessional and disorganized.
• Lack of Structure: Without a clear structure, a particular content can be hard to follow and fail to highlight the most important points.
• Repeating Content: Repeating the same information all the time can make a text redundant and longer than needed.
• Failing to Highlight Conclusions: Not emphasizing main conclusions and recommendations can leave readers uncertain about next steps.

This guide on how to write a well-organized executive summary of a research paper emphasizes its purpose and structure. Basically, such an element covers key sections, such as an introduction, background, objective, methods, findings, analysis, conclusions, and recommendations. Furthermore, effective executive summaries are clear, concise, and relevant, providing essential information without unnecessary details. As a result, following structured tips, like avoiding jargon and emphasizing key points, ensures this part of a research or any other type of paper communicates a document’s essence effectively.

Falkenberg, L. J., Joyce, P. W., & Soranno, P. A. (2024). How to write lay summaries of research articles for wider accessibility. Limnology and Oceanography Letters , 9 (2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10373

Giampalmi, J. (2023). College research papers for dummies . John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Morris, W., Crossley, S., Holmes, L., Ou, C., Dascalu, M., & McNamara, D. (2024). Formative feedback on student-authored summaries in intelligent textbooks using large language models. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00395-0

Rehart, M. J. (2021). Writing business research reports: A guide to scientific writing . Routledge.

Thomas, C. G. (2022). Research methodology and scientific writing . Springer.

Younas, A., & Ali, P. (2021). Five tips for developing useful literature summary tables for writing review articles. Evidence Based Nursing , 24 (2), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2021-103417

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How to Write an Executive Summary for an Essay

Table of contents.

An executive summary is a short, concise overview of a document that summarizes the main points of an essay, report, presentation, or other document. It is usually written for a business audience and is used as a tool to quickly communicate complex ideas, key messages, and project status to decision-makers.

The executive summary is often the first and most important part of a document. It should capture the reader’s attention, give them a sense of the main argument, and provide some context for the rest of the content. Many readers refer to the executive summary as the “elevator pitch”—it should quickly and clearly explain the main idea and purpose of your document so that the reader can quickly decide whether to continue reading or not.

Writing an effective executive summary is an important skill for anyone who wants to effectively present complex information in a concise and accessible way. An effective summary not only summarizes your ideas but also serves to spark the interest of readers and draw them into the document.

At its core, an executive summary is meant to give busy readers a quick understanding of the most important points without them having to read through all the details. It should be easy to read and understand, and it should include enough specifics to clearly explain the message. The executive summary is important as it sets the tone for the rest of the document. Without an effective executive summary, a reader may not be inclined to explore the full document, meaning that any effort spent on it could go to waste.

Definition of an Executive Summary

An executive summary is a brief overview of an essay that summarizes the main points and highlights key evidence. It should be no more than a few sentences long and should communicate the main idea of the essay quickly and concisely.

The purpose of an executive summary is to provide the reader, usually a senior business executive, with a quick understanding of the document’s content without having to read the entire essay or report. It should tell the reader what the essay is about, why it is important, what it aims to do, and how it addresses the topic.

When writing an executive summary for an essay, it’s important to keep the language clear, simple, and focused. The summary should include an introduction paragraph, the main body of the essay, the conclusion, and any other relevant information. It should also include key concepts from the essay, such as the methodology used, the results obtained, and the conclusions reached. The summary should be concise and direct and should be written in the same style and tone as the essay itself.

How to Structure an Effective Executive Summary for an Essay

An effective executive summary for an essay should be concise and to the point. When writing your executive summary, you should give a brief overview of the main points of your essay and provide a summary of the most important information. This can help readers quickly understand what the essay is about and why it’s important.

The structure of an effective executive summary is key to success. Here are some tips to keep in mind when crafting your executive summary:

• Keep the executive summary brief. Generally, an executive summary should not exceed one page.
• Start with an introduction that clearly explains the ideas and purpose of the essay.
• Outline the main points of the essay in an orderly manner.
• Include any quotes from the essay to emphasize the main points.
• Conclude the executive summary with a summary of the essay’s purpose and message.

When piecing together an effective executive summary, it’s important to ensure that the structure of the summary is clear and easy to follow. Use bullet points or a numbered list if needed to highlight the main points and make sure that they are clearly laid out. Additionally, be sure to use simple language and avoid long sentences and complex words to ensure that the executive summary is easily understandable.

Remember to pay attention to the structure of your executive summary as it will play a major role in whether or not readers will be able to understand the main points of your essay. A well-structured executive summary can help your essay stand out and could be the difference between a reader giving your essay a second glance or moving on.

Examples of Good Executive Summaries for Essays

Writing an executive summary for an essay can be difficult. Whether you’re writing a summary for an academic paper , a business plan, or a creative project, it’s important to know what makes an effective summary.

A good executive summary should give the reader a clear overview of the main points of your essay and what you are trying to convey. It should also be concise, yet still provide enough detail to give the reader an idea of what the essay is about and why the topic is worth discussing.

Here are some examples of successful executive summaries that you can use to get ideas when writing your own:

• For an academic paper, try opening with a sentence that captures the reader’s attention and then provide a brief overview of the key points and arguments of the essay. For example: “This essay examines the impact of the Industrial Revolution on working-class families in the 19th century. This includes an analysis of their living conditions, wage levels and labor laws governing their work.”
• If you’re writing a business plan, start by summarizing the main points of the plan and how they will help the reader achieve their goals. For example: “This business plan outlines the vision and strategy for a new business venture, which will focus on providing high-quality web design services to small businesses. This plan covers the company’s mission, target market, process, competitive advantages and financial forecasts.”

Finally, if you’re writing a creative project, make sure to include a few sentences about the theme, main characters and plot of the story. For example: “This novel tells the story of a young woman who discovers her magical powers after being bullied by her peers. Through her journey of self-discovery, she learns to embrace her power and use it to save her home from destruction.”

By looking at these examples, you can get a better idea of how to write an effective executive summary for an essay . However, it’s also important to remember to use your own words and be consistent in your writing.

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Strategies for Writing a Compelling Executive Summary

Writing an effective executive summary can be overwhelming but it is an important component of a successful essay . A good executive summary quickly captures the attention of your readers, providing a brief overview of the main points in your essay. Here are some strategies to help you write a compelling executive summary:

• Begin with a strong introduction. This will help capture the reader’s attention and set the tone for the rest of the summary.
• Focus on the main points. Don’t include too much detail or lengthy explanations, as this will complicate the summary and make it less effective.
• Highlight important information. Make sure to highlight the key points from the essay and provide a clear indication of the essay’s argument or conclusion.
• Keep it short and to the point. Aim for a summary that is no more than one page long and that conveys the most pertinent information.
• Provide afinal thought. Include a last sentence or two that ties the executive summary together and leaves the reader with an idea of what the essay was about.

With these strategies, you can craft an effective executive summary that will engage your readers and give them an immediate understanding of your essay’s main points.

The executive summary of your essay is a very important component that serves as the reader’s introduction to your paper . It should be comprehensive enough to offer a brief synopsis of your main points and leave a lasting impression on the reader. Here are some tips for making the most out of your executive summary:

• Be concise – Make sure to be as brief as possible when writing your executive summary, as it should not exceed a few hundred words.

• Keep it logical – Ensure the content of your executive summary flows logically, stressing the main points and linking each section together.

• Connect with the reader – Use language that will make readers feel connected to your story so they remember you and your essay.

• Use evidence – Your executive summary should provide readers with supporting evidence to back up your arguments and make your essay persuasive.

• Start strong – The beginning of your executive summary needs to captivate the reader to ensure they continue reading beyond the introduction.

• Begin with a hook – You can begin with a statement, anecdote, or factoid that captures the reader’s attention and keeps them interested.

• Include key takeaways – Your executive summary should give the reader a clear understanding of the main points of your essay and any conclusions you have made.

• State the purpose – Clearly explain why you wrote the essay and what its purpose is.

• Avoid jargon – Keep your language simple and jargon-free, as this makes it easier to understand.

These tips should help you make the most out of your executive summary and create a compelling argument that will leave a lasting impression on the reader. With these points in mind, you can be sure to generate an effective executive summary that will truly showcase the value of your essay.

Get Help With Your Paper

Concluding thoughts on writing an executive summary.

An executive summary is an important part of many  essay writing  assignments.  Writing a great executive summary should be the goal of any writer  who wants to present their work professionally and effectively.

Taking the time to craft an executive summary can help you ensure that your readers understand the main points of your essay. It also helps you introduce your key ideas in a more compelling way.

Remember to keep it short and to the point. Your executive summary should not exceed one or two paragraphs in length. It should succinctly summarize the main points of your essay and should be written in a way that is easy to understand.

Also, remember to read your executive summary out loud before submitting it. This will help you identify any typos or awkward sentences.

Finally, don’t forget to edit your executive summary for accuracy and clarity. Make sure that your summary provides an accurate representation of the content in your essay. This will help you make a good impression on your readers and demonstrate your writing skills.

By taking these steps, you can write an effective executive summary for your essay. This can help you present your work in the best light and impress the reader.

How to Format an Executive Summary

Creating a well-formatted executive summary can be challenging, but with practice and some tips, you can easily do it. The most important aspect of your executive summary’s format is that it is easy to read and understand.

Here are some tips for correctly formatting your executive summary:

• Keep the formatting consistent throughout the executive summary. This means using the same font and font size, and spacing.
• Write the executive summary in third person and use active rather than passive voice.
• Use short paragraphs and sentences – long blocks of text can be intimidating for readers.
• Make sure the headings stand out from the rest of the text. You can do this by bolding them or making them a different font size.
• Avoid using any special characters or symbols in the executive summary.
• Proofread your executive summary for any typos or grammar mistakes.

These tips should help you create an executive summary that is well-formatted and easy to read. Remember to keep the formatting consistent throughout and make sure the purpose of your executive summary is clear. With practice and following these guidelines, your executive summary should look professional and it will be easier for readers to understand.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Writing an Executive Summary (200 words)

Writing an executive summary for an essay can be a difficult task. However, by following a few simple tips and avoiding some common mistakes, you can create a summary that is informative, concise, and effective.

Avoiding Overviews and Introductions

One of the most important mistakes to avoid when  writing an executive summary is including too much information about the essay , such as an overview or introduction. The purpose of an executive summary is to provide a concise and accurate summary of the essay in a single paragraph or two. As such, there is no need to include an overview or introduction of the essay itself.

Focusing on the Key Points

When writing an executive summary, be sure to focus only on the main points of the essay. An executive summary should not contain any additional information, so try to keep your summary clear and concise. Additionally, be sure to include all the key points discussed in the essay and explain their relevance in the summary.

Including Too Many Details

When writing an executive summary, it is also important to avoid including too many details from the essay. The summary should be short, and include only the main points mentioned in the essay. Any additional information should be avoided, as it can make the summary too lengthy and difficult to read.

Using Jargon and Complex Language

When writing an executive summary, it is important to use language that is easy to understand. Try to avoid using complex words or jargon, as this can make the summary difficult to read and understand. Instead, focus on using straightforward language that is easily readable and understandable.

Following these tips and avoiding common mistakes will help you write an effective and informative executive summary for your essay. By taking the time to craft a concise and accurate summary, you will ensure that readers are able to quickly grasp the key points of your essay.

Editing Guide for Writing a Quality Executive Summary

Often the editing process can be just as important when writing as the writing process. Having an eye for detail and taking extra time to check your work can make all the difference when it comes to creating a quality executive summary. Here are some tips to keep in mind when editing your executive summary:

• Read your executive summary aloud to yourself or a friend to check for any errors or typos.
• Check the grammar and spelling of each sentence to ensure that everything is correct.
• Revisit your thesis statement and make sure that it accurately reflects your essay as a whole.
• Check for any redundancies or repeated phrases and cut those out where possible.
• Look out for any weak words or phrases that can be replaced with stronger ones.
• Make sure that each sentence adds value to the overall summary and does not repeat what has already been said.
• Retrace the logic of your arguments, making sure that they are consistent with one another.
• Re-read the executive summary to ensure that it captures the key points of the essay in a concise manner.

By following these tips and taking the time to review and edit your executive summary, you can create a high-quality summary that effectively summarizes the key points of your essay. Taking the extra time to check your work can be beneficial in the long run and can help you make sure your summary is of the highest quality.

Frequently Asked Questions on Writing an Executive Summary (300 words)

An executive summary is a great way to present a concise overview of your essay. Writing an effective executive summary can help propel your essay to the top of the pile. To help you out, here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about composing an executive summary:

• What is the purpose of an executive summary?  The purpose of an executive summary is to provide a brief overview of the main points of your essay. It should be short and sweet, giving the reader a general idea of the main argument without going into too much detail.
• How long should an executive summary be?  An executive summary should generally be no more than one page in length. Therefore, it should provide a succinct but comprehensive overview of the essay’s main points and arguments.
• What information should I include in the executive summary?  Your executive summary should include a brief summary of your essay’s main point, as well as any key arguments or evidence presented in the essay. Make sure to avoid including any new information in the executive summary.
• How should I structure my executive summary?  The structure of your executive summary will depend on the type of  essay you are writing . It can usually be written in a linear format, beginning with a brief introduction, followed by a summary of the main points, and ending with a conclusion.
• Do I need to include any graphics or images in my executive summary?  Graphics and images are not necessary for an executive summary. However, including a graphic or image can help make your executive summary more engaging and memorable.

Once you understand the purpose and structure of an executive summary, you’ll be ready to write your own.

An executive summary is an important part of writing an essay, as it provides the reader with a succinct overview of the main points and arguments presented in your essay. When done correctly, it should provide an interesting and engaging introduction to the content of your essay. To ensure you write an effective executive summary, consider the following guidelines:

• Understand what an executive summary is.
• Structure your executive summary for clarity.

Use examples of good executive summaries for essays to get ideas.

• Include compelling strategies in your writing.
• Make the most out of your executive summary by using tips and avoiding common mistakes.
• Edit your executive summary for accuracy and quality.

By adhering to these guidelines, you can be sure to write an effective executive summary that will make your essay stand out from the crowd. The key to success when writing a quality executive summary is practice. The more you practice, the better your summaries will become.

• Last edit 20 APR 2023

Nick Radlinsky

Nick Radlinsky is a devoted educator, marketing specialist, and management expert with more than 15 years of experience in the education sector. After obtaining his business degree in 2016, Nick embarked on a quest to achieve his PhD, driven by his commitment to enhancing education for students worldwide. His vast experience, starting in 2008, has established him as a reputable authority in the field.

Nick's article, featured in Routledge's " Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe: Development through Internationalization ," highlights his sharp insights and unwavering dedication to advancing the educational landscape. Inspired by his personal motto, "Make education better," Nick's mission is to streamline students' lives and foster efficient learning. His inventive ideas and leadership have contributed to the transformation of numerous educational experiences, distinguishing him as a true innovator in his field.

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